Alive to Language: Perspectives on Language

Alive to Language encourages teachers to question and extend their knowledge of how language works by examining the concepts of language-in-use and associated systems, language variety, change, and the interaction between language and power.

Acknowledgements

viii

Key terms and transcription conventions

x

Introduction

11

(7)

Language-in-use

18

(36)

Overview

18

(1)

A basic framework for awareness of language-in-use

19

(2)

Features of language-in-use

21

(33)

Knowledge of the world

21

(6)

Context

27

(6)

Variety

33

(4)

Medium

37

(4)

Attitude

41

(2)

Effectiveness

43

(4)

Structure

47

(3)

Flexibility

50

(4)

Discourse

54

(44)

Overview

54

(1)

Some definitions and key concepts

54

(4)

Aspects of discourse

58

(36)

Relevance and choice

59

(7)

Structures of spoken interaction

66

(8)

Meanings

74

(4)

Shared knowledge

78

(6)

Organisation

84

(7)

Purposes

91

(3)

Discourse studies and their relevance to ELT

94

(4)

Grammar

98

(33)

Overview

98

(1)

What is grammar?

98

(5)

Some different interpretations

99

(2)

Some different viewpoints

101

(2)

Grammar in action

103

(10)

Children

104

(4)

Adult El1 users

108

(3)

Learner (EL2) English

111

(2)

Factors in teaching grammar

113

(4)

Decisions and judgments

113

(2)

Explanations and terminology

115

(2)

Pedagogic approaches to grammar

117

(8)

Traditional grammar

117

(1)

ELT approaches

118

(7)

A `reduced model' of grammar

125

(1)

Some alternative approaches

125

(6)

Variety

131

(21)

Overview

131

(1)

Terminology

131

(5)

Some common confusions over definitions

132

(3)

Code-switching

135

(1)

Attitudes towards varieties of English

136

(6)

Evaluating varieties

136

(2)

Evaluating quality of language use

138

(2)

`New' Englishes

140

(2)

The notion of appropriacy

142

(10)

Appropriacy in ELT materials

144

(5)

Teaching appropriacy

149

(3)

Change

152

(31)

Overview

152

(1)

Some background to language change

152

(2)

Reasons for change

154

(13)

History

155

(4)

Borrowings

159

(1)

Creativity

160

(2)

The media

162

(2)

Technology

164

(3)

Languages systems and examples of change

167

(10)

Vocabulary

168

(1)

Grammar

169

(5)

Pronunciation

174

(3)

Socio-cultural influences on language change

177

(6)

Gender

178

(1)

Taboo language

179

(1)

Politically correct language

180

(1)

Attitudes and acceptability

181

(2)

Power

183

(39)

Overview

183

(1)

Approaches to language and power

183

(1)

Some language and power issues

184

(16)

Language choice: manipulation and accessibility

185

(8)

Knowledge about language

193

(2)

The power of standard varieties

195

(3)

English as a `sexist' language

198

(2)

Asymmetrical discourses

200

(11)

Some settings and contexts

201

(8)

Gender-based discourse

209

(2)

English as an international language (EIL)

211

(6)

The spread of English

212

(2)

Attitudes towards EIL

214

(2)

Ownership of the language

216

(1)

Empowerment of learners

217

(5)

Commentaries

222

(53)

References

275

(10)

Index

285

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Alive to Language: Perspectives on Language Awareness for English Language Teachers

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials