Ambient Intelligence, Wireless Networking, And Ubiquitous Computing

, by Vasilakos, Athanasios; Pedrycz, Witold

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ISBN: 9781580539630 | 1580539637
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/30/2006

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Ambient Intelligence (AmI) is the next wave in computing and communications technology. Nano-sized sensors and computers, wireless networks, and intelligent software are being integrated to create AmI environments. One such AmI environment is an intelligent home that can sense changes in a house and its occupants to instantly track objects or call 911 in case of a fall or heart attack. Another AmI environment is an intelligent airport to effortlessly guide a traveler to a connecting flight, through customs, or to a waiting car service. This cutting-edge reference explains ways to plan for AmI service deployment, develop AmI software and networks, and further advance AmI capabilities. It looks at such nuts-and-bolts issues as security, architecture, systems integration, and quality of service. This forward-looking volume also covers such latest AmI developments as smart dust, smart personal object technology, and context-aware computing.

Preface	p. xvii
Ambient Intelligence: Visions and Technologies	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Basic Functions and Devices of Ambient Intelligence	p. 3
IC Trends for Computing	p. 5
The Processing Perspective	p. 6
The Fixed Base Network	p. 6
The Wireless Base Network	p. 7
The Sensor Network	p. 7
The Communication Perspective	p. 8
The Software Perspective	p. 8
Computational Intelligence as a Conceptual and Computing Environment of AmI	p. 10
Conclusions	p. 11
References	p. 11
Ambient Intelligence and Fuzzy Adaptive Embedded Agents	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
Agents Meet AmI	p. 14
Transparent Fuzzy Control	p. 17
FML Environment Description	p. 19
FML Agent Distribution	p. 23
Adaptivity	p. 26
Conclusions	p. 32
References	p. 33
Ambient Intelligence: The MyCampus Experience	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Prior Work	p. 37
Overall System Architecture	p. 38
A Semantic e-Wallet	p. 40
Capturing User Preferences	p. 46
Instantiating the MyCampus Infrastructure	p. 49
MyCampus Development Experience	p. 53
Empirical Evaluation	p. 54
Conclusions	p. 57
Additional Sources of Information	p. 58
Acknowledgments	p. 58
References	p. 58
Physical Browsing	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Related Work	p. 62
Tangible User Interfaces	p. 63
Physical Browsing Research	p. 63
Physical Browsing Terms and Definitions	p. 66
Physical Browsing	p. 66
Object	p. 66
Information Tag	p. 66
Link	p. 67
Physical Selection	p. 67
Action	p. 67
Physical Selection Methods	p. 67
PointMe	p. 68
TouchMe	p. 68
ScanMe	p. 69
NotifyMe	p. 70
Physical Browsing and Context-Awareness	p. 70
Visualizing Physical Hyperlinks	p. 72
Implementing Physical Browsing	p. 73
Visual codes	p. 73
Electromagnetic Methods	p. 74
Infrared Technologies	p. 74
Comparison of the Technologies	p. 75
Demonstration Applications	p. 75
PointMe, TouchMe, ScanMe Demonstration	p. 76
TouchMe Demonstration Using a Mobile Phone	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 79
Acknowledgments	p. 80
References	p. 80
Ambient Interfaces for Distributed Workgroups: Design Challenges and Recommendations	p. 83
Introduction	p. 83
Ambient Displays and Ambient Interfaces	p. 84
Ambient Interfaces in TOWER	p. 86
TOWER	p. 86
Ambient Indicators	p. 87
User Involvement	p. 94
Recommendations for the Design of Ambient Interfaces	p. 96
Conclusions	p. 100
Acknowledgments	p. 100
References	p. 100
Expanding the Role of Wearable Computing in Business Transformation and Living	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Wearable Computers-History and Present Status	p. 104
Wearable Computing Applications	p. 110
Factors Limiting the Impact of Wearable Computers	p. 112
Factors Providing Positive Feedback Loop	p. 115
Middleware Components for Accelerating Transformation	p. 117
Context Sensing	p. 117
Sensor Interfaces	p. 118
Data Logging and Analysis	p. 119
Energy Management and Awareness	p. 120
Suspend, Resume, and Session Migration Capabilities	p. 120
Device Symbiosis	p. 121
Privacy and Security	p. 121
Conclusions	p. 122
References	p. 122
Grids for Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence	p. 127
Introduction	p. 127
Grid Computing	p. 129
Grid Environments	p. 130
The Open Grid Services Architecture	p. 132
Towards Future Grids	p. 133
Requirements and Services for Future-Generation Grids	p. 135
Architecture of Future-Generation grids	p. 136
Grids for Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence	p. 137
Grids for Ambient Intelligence	p. 139
Conclusion	p. 140
Acknowledgments	p. 140
References	p. 141
Peer-to-Peer Networks-Promises and Challenges	p. 143
Introduction	p. 143
Taxonomy of P2P Systems	p. 145
P2P-The Promises	p. 146
P2P-The Challenges	p. 148
Security	p. 148
Noncooperation-Freeriders	p. 149
Search and Resource Location	p. 150
Unstructured P2P Systems	p. 151
Napster	p. 151
Gnutella	p. 152
Topology of Unstructured Peer-to-Peer Networks	p. 154
Structured P2P Systems	p. 157
Background	p. 157
The Chord Distributed Lookup Protocol	p. 158
Pastry	p. 161
Conclusions	p. 162
References	p. 163
Comparative Analysis of Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad Hoc Sensor Networks	p. 167
Introduction	p. 167
Communication Architecture	p. 170
Design Factors	p. 172
Power Consumption	p. 172
Fault Tolerance	p. 172
Scalability	p. 172
Hardware Issues	p. 173
Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks	p. 173
Flooding-Based Routing	p. 173
Gradient-Based Routing	p. 176
Hierarchical-Based Routing	p. 179
Location-Based Routing	p. 181
IP Mobility Management in Wireless Sensor Networks	p. 185
IP Mobility Protocols	p. 186
Limitations of Mobile IP	p. 188
Conclusions	p. 188
References	p. 189
Pose Awareness for Augmented Reality and Mobile Devices	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
Problem Description	p. 195
System Setup	p. 196
Notation	p. 197
Fusion Framework	p. 197
Quaternions	p. 199
Kalman Filters	p. 201
Filter Variants	p. 202
General Setup	p. 203
Time Update	p. 204
Observation Update	p. 206
Coping with Lag	p. 206
Divergence Problems	p. 207
The Decentralized KF	p. 208
A Modular Kalman Filter	p. 210
Camera Positioning	p. 212
Problem Specification	p. 212
Marker Layout	p. 213
Canny Edge Detection	p. 213
Contour Detection	p. 215
Rejecting Unwanted Contours	p. 216
Corner Detection	p. 216
Fitting Lines	p. 217
Determining the ID of the Marker	p. 219
Determining the Pose from a Marker's Feature Points	p. 220
Coordinate Systems	p. 220
Camera Model	p. 220
Estimating the Pose	p. 221
First Experiment	p. 223
Calibration	p. 224
Camera Calibration	p. 224
Pattern Pose	p. 224
Camera Frame to Body Frame	p. 225
Measurements	p. 225
Performance of the Subpixel Edge Detector	p. 225
The Dependence of the Pose Accuracy on the Viewing Angle	p. 227
The Dependence of the Pose Accuracy on the Location in the Image	p. 229
Conclusions	p. 233
Pluggable Filter	p. 233
Usability for Mobile Devices	p. 233
Usability for Augmented Reality	p. 233
Conclusions	p. 235
References	p. 235
Dynamic Synthesis of Natural Human-Machine Interfaces in Ambient Intelligence Environments	p. 237
Introduction	p. 237
A Task Architectural Model for Ambient Intelligence	p. 239
Service/Resource Components	p. 241
Tasks	p. 242
The Task Synthesis Service	p. 244
A Human-Machine Interface Functional Architecture for Ambient Intelligence	p. 245
Context-Awareness	p. 247
Natural Interaction	p. 248
Reusability	p. 250
Synthesizing Natural Human-Machine Interfaces	p. 251
Dynamically Composable Human-Machine Interfaces	p. 251
Realization of the Scenario	p. 253
Current Achievements and Future Perspectives	p. 256
Conclusions	p. 260
References	p. 260
Emotional Interfaces with Ambient Intelligence	p. 263
Introduction	p. 263
Background	p. 264
The General Framework	p. 264
The Key Role of Emotions	p. 265
The Emotion Physical Milieu	p. 265
The Emotion Psychological Milieu	p. 266
No Emotion without Cognition	p. 267
Materials and Methods	p. 269
The Data	p. 269
The General Architecture	p. 271
A Simulated Experiment	p. 273
Current and Future Work	p. 278
Conclusions	p. 283
References	p. 284
A Sense of Context in Ubiquitous Computing	p. 287
Introduction	p. 287
Ubiquitous Computing: A Paradigm for the 21st Century	p. 287
Mobile Computing	p. 288
Wearable Computing	p. 289
The Question of Context	p. 289
Some Definitions of Context	p. 289
Reflections on Context in Mobile Computing	p. 290
Spatial Context	p. 290
User Profile	p. 291
Device Profile	p. 291
Environment	p. 292
Wireless Advertising	p. 292
Emotions in Context	p. 293
Affective Computing Systems	p. 293
Introducing Ad-me	p. 294
Ambient Sensors: Foundations of a Smart Environment	p. 296
Introducing the Intelligent Climitization Environment (ICE)	p. 297
Architecture	p. 297
Conclusion	p. 300
References	p. 300
Ad Hoc On-Demand Fuzzy Routing for Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Problem Statement	p. 304
Limitations of Single Metric Single Objective Routing Schemes	p. 304
Complexity in Multiobjective Routing in MANETs	p. 305
Applicability of Fuzzy Logic for Multiobjective Routing in MANETs	p. 306
Brief Background of Fuzzy Logic	p. 307
Cost Function for MANET Multiobjective Routing	p. 308
Objective 1 (O[subscript 1]): Minimizing End-to-End Delay	p. 308
Objective 2 (O[subscript 2]): Maximizing Probability of Successful Packet Delivery	p. 308
Objective 3 (O[subscript 3]): Minimizing Total Battery Cost of the Route	p. 309
Ad Hoc On-Demand Fuzzy Routing (AOFR)	p. 312
AOFR Route Discovery Phase	p. 313
AOFR Route Reply Phase	p. 313
Fuzzy Cost Calculation in AOFR	p. 313
Simulation Parameters	p. 317
Mobility Model	p. 319
Traffic Model	p. 319
Energy Model	p. 320
Performance Evaluation	p. 320
End-to-End Delay	p. 320
Congestion Loss	p. 321
Packet Delivery Fraction	p. 321
Expiration Sequence	p. 321
Normalized Routing Load	p. 322
Route Stability	p. 323
Packets-per-Joule	p. 323
Discussion	p. 324
Conclusions	p. 325
References	p. 326
Authentication and Security Protocols for Ubiquitous Wireless Networks	p. 329
Introduction	p. 329
System Architecture and Design Issues	p. 330
Authentication Architecture for Interworking 3G/WLAN	p. 332
Mobile IP with AAA Extensions	p. 333
Authentication Servers and Proxy	p. 334
AAA and Inter-Domain Roaming	p. 335
Authentication in Wireless Security Protocols	p. 336
Wired Equivalent Privacy 802.11 LANs	p. 337
Extensible Authentication Protocol and its Variants	p. 337
802.1x Authentication Protocol	p. 337
WiFi Protected Access and 802.11i	p. 338
Virtual Private Network	p. 339
Comparison Study of Wireless Security Protocols	p. 339
Security Policies	p. 340
Conclusions	p. 341
References	p. 343
Learning in the AmI: from Web-Based Education to Ubiquitous Learning Experiences	p. 345
Introduction	p. 345
The Present Paradigm in Learning Technologies	p. 346
The Emerging Paradigm: Mobile Learning	p. 347
The Future Paradigm: Learning in the AmI	p. 350
Enabling Technologies, Models, and Standards	p. 351
Personalization Technologies and Computational Intelligence	p. 352
Learning Technologies Standards	p. 354
Learning Theories and Models	p. 355
Conclusions	p. 356
References	p. 357
Meetings and Meeting Support in Ambient Intelligence	p. 359
Introduction	p. 359
What Are Meetings?	p. 361
Meeting Resources	p. 362
Meeting Process	p. 362
Meeting Roles	p. 362
Problems with Meetings	p. 363
Technology: Mediation and Support	p. 364
The Virtuality Continuum	p. 364
Meetings in the Virtuality Continuum	p. 365
Technology and Meeting Resources	p. 366
Supporting Meeting Processes	p. 368
Supporting Meeting Roles	p. 369
Learning How to Respond	p. 370
Projects on Meetings	p. 371
Recordings and Sensors	p. 372
Annotations and Layers of Analysis	p. 372
Applications and Tasks	p. 373
Conclusions	p. 374
Acknowledgments	p. 374
References	p. 374
Handling Uncertain Context Information in Pervasive Computing Environments	p. 379
Extending Ontologies of Context with Fuzzy Logic	p. 380
The Fuzzy Ontology	p. 381
The Membership Function Class	p. 381
The Fuzzy Rule Class	p. 383
The Similar Class	p. 383
The Fuzzy Inference Class	p. 383
The Fuzzy Inference of Context	p. 384
Defining Linguistic Terms and Generating Membership Functions	p. 387
Building the Inductive Fuzzy Tree	p. 389
Rule Generation and Inference Process	p. 392
Prototype Implementation: The Event-Notification Service	p. 396
Fuzzy Inference in the Event-Notification Service	p. 396
Semantic Inference in the Event-Notification Service	p. 396
Conclusions	p. 399
References	p. 400
Anomaly Detection in Web Documents Using Computationally Intelligent Methods of Fuzzy-Based Clustering	p. 401
Introduction	p. 401
The Problem	p. 403
Cosine-Based Algorithms	p. 404
Crisp Cosine Clustering (CCC)	p. 405
Fuzzy-Based Cosine Clustering (FCC)	p. 405
Local Fuzzy-Based Cosine Clustering (LFCC)	p. 405
Fuzzy-based Global Clustering	p. 407
A New Distance Measure	p. 407
The General Scheme	p. 409
Application: Terrorist Detection System	p. 411
The Experiment	p. 412
The Results	p. 412
Conclusions	p. 413
Acknowledgments	p. 414
References	p. 414
Intelligent Automatic Exploration of Virtual Worlds	p. 417
Introduction	p. 417
Why Explore Virtual Worlds?	p. 418
Simple Virtual World Understanding	p. 419
Nondegenerated View	p. 419
Direct Approximate Viewpoint Calculation	p. 420
Iterative Viewpoint Calculation	p. 421
Direct Exhaustive Viewpoint Calculation	p. 422
What is Visual Complexity of a Scene?	p. 422
How to Compute Visual Complexity	p. 424
Accurate Visual Complexity Estimation	p. 424
Fast Approximate Estimation of Visual Complexity	p. 426
Virtual World Exploration	p. 427
Incremental Outside Exploration	p. 428
Viewpoint Entropy-Based Exploration	p. 429
Other Methods	p. 431
Future Issues	p. 431
Online Exploration of Virtual Worlds	p. 432
Offline Exploration of Virtual Worlds	p. 432
Conclusions	p. 433
References	p. 435
Index	p. 437
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