American Corrections

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ISBN: 9780534189723 | 0534189725
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 1/1/1994

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Todd R. Clear, one of the country's leading experts in the study of corrections, and George F. Cole, considered by many as the "founding father" of modern criminal justice study, have combined talents once again for the new Sixth Edition of their market-leading AMERICAN CORRECTIONS. A great author team, Clear's expertise in corrections complements Cole's organizational view of the system. Together, they present a well-rounded, balanced approach to corrections. Clear and Cole takes a sociological and humanistic approach to corrections. It treats institutional and alternative sanctions in a balanced fashion and offers a look at the system from the perspective of both the corrections worker and the offender. It also presents the concept of corrections as a "system" of interconnected organizations and carries this theme throughout the book. While this approach appeals to both sociologists and criminal justice types alike, it is particularly appealing to a growing portion of the market: the professors with sociological backgrounds who are now teaching the introduction to corrections course. From a more practical standpoint, many find this text appealing because it provides comprehensive, thorough coverage without being overwhelming. At 22 chapters and 560 pages, it is very compatible with standard, semester-long courses. Such effective compatibility continues in the Sixth Edition with a new visually engaging four-color interior design.

Preface	p. xvii
The Correctional Context	p. 3
The Corrections System	p. 4
The Purpose of Corrections	p. 7
A Systems Framework for Understanding Corrections	p. 8
Goals	p. 8
Interconnectedness	p. 8
Environment	p. 10
Feedback	p. 10
Complexity	p. 10
The Corrections System Today	p. 11
Key Issues in Corrections	p. 15
Managing the Correctional Organization	p. 15
Working with Offenders	p. 19
Connecting Corrections and Social Relations	p. 21
Summary	p. 21
The Early History of Correctional Thought and Practice	p. 23
From the Middle Ages to the American Revolution	p. 24
Galley Slavery	p. 26
Imprisonment	p. 26
Transportation	p. 27
Corporal Punishment and Death	p. 28
On the Eve of Reform	p. 29
The Age of Reason and Correctional Reform	p. 29
Cesare Beccaria and the Classical School	p. 30
Jeremy Bentham and the "Hedonic Calculus"	p. 31
John Howard and the Birth of the Penitentiary	p. 31
What Really Motivated Correctional Reform?	p. 33
Summary	p. 33
The History of Corrections in America	p. 35
The Colonial Period	p. 36
The Arrival of the Penitentiary	p. 37
The Pennsylvania System	p. 38
The New York System	p. 40
Debating the Systems	p. 40
The Reformatory Movement	p. 42
Cincinnati, 1870	p. 43
Elmira Reformatory	p. 44
Lasting Reforms	p. 44
The Rise of the Progressives	p. 44
Individualized Treatment and the Positivist School	p. 45
Progressive Reforms	p. 46
The Rise of the Medical Model	p. 47
From Medical Model to Community Model	p. 49
The Crime Control Model: The Pendulum Swings Again	p. 49
The Decline of Rehabilitation	p. 50
The Emergence of Crime Control	p. 50
Where Are We Today?	p. 50
Summary	p. 52
The Punishment of Offenders	p. 54
The Purpose of Corrections	p. 55
Retribution (Deserved Punishment)	p. 56
Deterrence	p. 57
Incapacitation	p. 58
Rehabilitation	p. 59
New Approaches to Punishment	p. 60
Criminal Sanctions: A Mixed Bag?	p. 61
Forms of the Criminal Sanction	p. 62
Incarceration	p. 63
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 67
Probation	p. 69
Death	p. 69
Forms and Goals of Sanctions	p. 70
The Sentencing Process	p. 70
The Administrative Context	p. 72
Attitudes and Values of Judges	p. 74
The Presentence Report	p. 76
Sentencing Guidelines	p. 76
Who Gets the Harshest Punishment?	p. 78
Summary	p. 80
The Law of Corrections	p. 83
The Foundations of Correctional Law	p. 85
Constitutions	p. 85
Statutes	p. 86
Case Law	p. 87
Regulations	p. 87
Correctional Law and the U.S. Supreme Court	p. 88
The End of the Hands-Off Policy	p. 88
Access to the Courts	p. 89
The Prisoners' Rights Movement	p. 90
Constitutional Rights of Prisoners	p. 90
The First Amendment	p. 92
The Fourth Amendment	p. 94
The Eighth Amendment	p. 94
The Fourteenth Amendment	p. 98
A Change in Judicial Direction	p. 99
Impact of the Prisoners' Rights Movement	p. 101
Alternatives to Litigation	p. 101
Inmate Grievance Procedures	p. 102
The Ombudsman	p. 102
Mediation	p. 102
Legal Assistance	p. 103
Law and Community Corrections	p. 103
Constitutional Rights of Probationers and Parolees	p. 103
Revocation of Probation and Parole	p. 104
Law and Corrections Personnel	p. 105
Civil Service Laws	p. 105
Liability of Corrections Personnel	p. 105
Summary	p. 106
The Correctional Client	p. 110
Selection for the Corrections System	p. 111
Types of Offenders and Their Problems	p. 113
The Situational Offender	p. 113
The Career Criminal	p. 115
The Sex Offender	p. 117
The Substance Abuser	p. 119
The Mentally Ill Offender	p. 123
The Mentally Handicapped Offender	p. 126
The Offender with AIDS	p. 128
The Elderly Offender	p. 130
The Long-Term Offender	p. 132
Classifying Offenders: Key Issues	p. 132
Overlap and Ambiguity in Offender Classifications	p. 133
Offense Classifications and Correctional Programming	p. 134
Behavioral Probabilities in Classification	p. 134
Sociopolitical Pressures and Classification	p. 134
Distinctions in the Criteria for Classifying Offenders	p. 135
Summary	p. 135
Correctional Practices	p. 139
Jails: Detention and Short-Term Incarceration	p. 140
The Contemporary Jail: Entrance to the System	p. 142
Origins and Evolution	p. 142
Population Characteristics	p. 143
Administration	p. 144
The Influence of Local Politics	p. 146
Regional Jails	p. 146
Pretrial Detention	p. 146
Special Problems of Detainees	p. 150
Release from Detention	p. 153
The Bail Problem	p. 155
Alternatives to Traditional Bail	p. 155
The Sentenced Jail Inmate	p. 157
Issues in Jail Management	p. 157
Legal Liability	p. 157
Jail Standards	p. 158
Personnel Matters	p. 158
Jail Crowding	p. 159
The Jail Facility	p. 160
The Future of the Jail	p. 163
Summary	p. 163
Probation	p. 166
The History and Development of Probation	p. 168
Benefit of Clergy	p. 168
Judicial Reprieve	p. 168
Recognizance	p. 169
The Modernization of Probation	p. 179
The Organization of Probation Today	p. 171
Should Probation Be Centralized or Decentralized?	p. 171
Who Should Administer Probation?	p. 174
Should Probation Be Combined with Parole?	p. 175
The Dual Role of Probation: Investigation and Supervision	p. 175
The Investigative Role of Probation	p. 176
Contents of the PSI	p. 177
Recommendations of the PSI	p. 182
Disclosure of the PSI	p. 182
Private PSIs	p. 183
The Supervisory Role of Probation	p. 183
The Officer	p. 184
The Offender	p. 185
The Bureaucracy	p. 185
The Effectiveness of Supervision	p. 187
Case Management Systems	p. 188
Specialized Supervision Programs	p. 189
Revocation and Termination of Probation	p. 191
Probation in the Coming Decade	p. 193
Summary	p. 195
Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections	p. 197
The Case for Intermediate Sanctions	p. 199
Unnecessary Imprisonment	p. 199
Limitations of Probation	p. 200
Improvements in Justice	p. 200
The Continuum-of-Sanctions Concept	p. 200
Problems with Intermediate Sanctions	p. 201
Selecting Agencies	p. 201
Selecting Offenders	p. 202
Widening the Net	p. 204
Varieties of Intermediate Sanctions	p. 204
Sanctions Administered Primarily by the Judiciary	p. 204
Sanctions Administered in the Community	p. 207
Sanctions Administered in Institutions and the Community	p. 209
Making Intermediate Sanctions Work	p. 211
Sentencing Issues	p. 211
Selection of Offenders	p. 212
Surveillance and Control	p. 213
The New Corrections Professional	p. 214
Community Corrections Legislation	p. 215
The Future of Intermediate Sanctions and Community Corrections	p. 219
Summary	p. 220
Incarceration	p. 223
Links to the Past	p. 224
The Goals of Incarceration	p. 227
Organization for Incarceration	p. 228
Federal Bureau of Prisons	p. 228
State Prison Systems	p. 232
The Design and Classification of Prisons	p. 232
Today's Designs	p. 234
The Location of Prisons	p. 235
The Classification of Prisons	p. 236
Private Prisons	p. 238
Who Is in Prison?	p. 240
Elderly Prisoners	p. 240
Prisoners with HIV/AIDS	p. 241
Long-Term Inmates	p. 243
Summary	p. 243
The Prison Experience	p. 246
Prison Society	p. 247
Norms and Values	p. 249
Prison Subculture: Deprivation or Imported?	p. 252
Adaptive Roles	p. 253
The Prison Economy	p. 254
Violence in Prison	p. 255
Violence and Inmate Characteristics	p. 258
Prisoner-Prisoner Violence	p. 259
Prisoner-Officer Violence	p. 261
Officer-Prisoner Violence	p. 262
Decreasing Prison Violence	p. 262
Summary	p. 264
Incarceration of Women	p. 267
Women: Forgotten Offenders	p. 268
Historical Perspective	p. 270
The Incarceration of Women in the United States	p. 271
The Reformatory Movement	p. 272
The Post-World War II Years	p. 273
Women in Prison	p. 275
Characteristics of Women in Prison	p. 275
The Subculture of Women's Prisons	p. 278
Male versus Female Subcultures	p. 280
Issues in the Incarceration of Women	p. 281
Educational and Vocational Training Programs	p. 282
Medical Services	p. 282
Mothers and Their Children	p. 283
Release to the Community	p. 285
Summary	p. 286
Institutional Management	p. 289
Formal Organization	p. 291
The Organizational Structure	p. 292
The Impact of the Structure	p. 295
Governing Prisons	p. 296
The Defects of Total Power	p. 298
Rewards and Punishments	p. 299
Co-optation of Correctional Officers	p. 299
Inmate Leadership	p. 300
Discipline Prisoners	p. 300
Leadership: The Crucial Element of Governance	p. 302
Correctional Officers: The Linchpin of Management	p. 304
Who Becomes a Correctional Officer?	p. 304
Role Characteristics	p. 308
Job Assignments	p. 309
Use of Force	p. 311
Unionization	p. 312
Summary	p. 313
Institutional Programs	p. 316
Managing Time	p. 317
Constraints of Security	p. 318
The Principle of Least Eligibility	p. 319
Classification	p. 320
The Classification Process	p. 320
Objective Classification Systems	p. 322
Rehabilitative Programs	p. 323
Psychological Programs	p. 323
Behavior Therapy	p. 326
Social Therapy	p. 326
Vocational Rehabilitation	p. 328
Vocational Programs	p. 330
Substance Abuse Programs	p. 330
Religious Programs	p. 331
The Rediscovery of Correctional Rehabilitation	p. 332
Prison Industry	p. 332
The Contract Labor, Piece Price, and Lease Systems	p. 333
The Public Account System	p. 333
The State Use System	p. 335
The Public Works and Ways System	p. 335
Prison Industry Today	p. 335
Prison Maintenance Programs	p. 337
Prison Recreation Programs	p. 339
Prison Programming Reconsidered	p. 340
Summary	p. 340
Release from Incarceration	p. 343
Release: From One Part of the System to Another	p. 345
Origins of Parole	p. 346
Release Mechanisms	p. 348
Discretionary Release	p. 348
Mandatory Release	p. 348
Unconditional Release	p. 349
The Organization of Releasing Authorities	p. 349
Consolidated versus Autonomous	p. 349
Field Services	p. 349
Full-Time versus Part-Time	p. 350
Appointment	p. 351
The Decision to Release	p. 351
Discretionary Release	p. 352
Structuring Parole Decisions	p. 356
The Impact of Release Mechanisms	p. 356
Release to the Community	p. 359
Summary	p. 360
Making It: Supervision in the Community	p. 363
Overview of the Postrelease Function	p. 364
Community Supervision	p. 365
Revocation	p. 366
The Structure of Community Supervision	p. 368
Agents of Community Supervision	p. 370
The Community Supervision Bureaucracy	p. 372
Residential Programs	p. 375
The Offender's Experience of Postrelease Life	p. 377
The Strangeness of Reentry	p. 377
The Problem of Unmet Personal Needs	p. 377
Barriers to Success	p. 377
Making It as a Game	p. 381
The Parolee as "Dangerous"	p. 383
Postrelease Supervision	p. 386
How Effective Is It?	p. 386
What Are Its Prospects?	p. 390
Summary	p. 390
Corrections for Juvenile Offenders	p. 393
The Problem of Youth Crime	p. 394
History of Juvenile Corrections	p. 394
Juvenile Corrections: English Antecedents	p. 395
Juvenile Corrections in the United States	p. 395
Why Treat Juveniles and Adults Differently?	p. 399
Differences Between Adults and Juveniles in Perspective	p. 401
The Problem of Serious Delinquency	p. 402
Sanctioning Juvenile Offenders	p. 403
Overview of the Juvenile Justice System	p. 403
Disposition of Juvenile Offenders	p. 405
The Special Problem of Gangs	p. 414
The Future of Juvenile Justice	p. 414
Summary	p. 415
Correctional Issues and Perspectives	p. 419
Incarceration Trends	p. 420
Explaining Prison Population Trends	p. 421
Demographic Change	p. 423
Increased Arrests and More Likely Incarceration	p. 424
Tougher Sentencing Practices	p. 424
Prison Construction	p. 426
The War on Drugs	p. 426
Public Policy Trends	p. 426
Dealing with the Prison Population Crisis	p. 427
The Null Strategy	p. 427
The Construction Strategy	p. 428
Intermediate Sanctions	p. 428
Prison Population Reduction	p. 429
The Impact of Prison Crowding	p. 429
Does Incarceration Pay?	p. 430
Summary	p. 433
Race, Ethnicity, and Corrections	p. 436
The Concepts of Race and Ethnicity	p. 438
Visions of Race and Punishment	p. 439
The View of Differential Criminality	p. 439
The View of a Racist Criminal Justice System	p. 441
The View of a Racist Society	p. 444
Which Is It: Race or Racism?	p. 446
The Significance of Race and Punishment	p. 446
Summary	p. 447
The Death Penalty	p. 450
The Debate over Capital Punishment	p. 452
The Death Penalty in America	p. 453
Death Row Population	p. 453
Public Opinion	p. 454
The Death Penalty and the Constitution	p. 456
Key Supreme Court Decisions	p. 456
Continuing Legal Issues	p. 457
Who Is on Death Row?	p. 461
Who Are They?	p. 461
Where Was the Crime Committed?	p. 461
Who Was the Prosecutor?	p. 462
Was Race a Factor?	p. 463
A Continuing Debate?	p. 464
Summary	p. 467
Surveillance and Control in the Community	p. 471
The Goals of Surveillance	p. 473
The Techniques of Surveillance and Control	p. 474
Drug Controls	p. 475
Electronic Controls	p. 475
Human Surveillance	p. 477
Programmatic Controls	p. 477
Control: A Double-Edged Sword	p. 477
Social Control and Personal Liberty	p. 478
The Politics of Surveillance and Community Protection	p. 478
The Limits of Control	p. 479
Technology	p. 480
Human Responses	p. 480
Moral and Ethical Limits	p. 480
Toward an Acceptable Community Control	p. 481
Summary	p. 481
Community Justice	p. 483
What Is Community Justice, and How Does It Differ from Criminal Justice?	p. 485
What Is Community Justice?	p. 485
How Is Community Justice Different?	p. 487
What Are the Arguments for Community Justice?	p. 489
Crime and Crime Problems Are Local	p. 489
Crime Fighting Improves the Quality of Life	p. 491
Proactive Rather Than Reactive Strategies Are Needed	p. 492
What Are the Problems of Community Justice?	p. 492
Community Justice and Individual Rights	p. 492
Community Justice and Social Inequality	p. 494
Community Justice and Increasing Criminal Justice Costs	p. 494
The Future Prospects of Community Justice	p. 495
Summary	p. 495
Epilogue: American Corrections Today and Tomorrow	p. 497
Five Correctional Dilemmas	p. 498
Mission	p. 498
Methods	p. 499
Structure	p. 500
Personnel	p. 501
Costs	p. 502
Changing Corrections: A Final View	p. 502
Career Opportunities in Corrections	p. 504
Glossary	p. 509
Index	p. 517
Photo Credits	p. 535
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