American Education

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ISBN: 9780314202208 | 031420220X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/1/1997

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This text offers a fully-developed narrative on the philosophical/historic foundations of school, contemporary policy problems in education, and issues of classroom practice. The text deals with events and people that influenced curriculum formulations, with the focus fixed on questions about what we should teach, how we should teach, and why we should teach. Diversity is emphasized throughout the text. The authors use many real-life vignettes and examples and applications.

Preface

xiii

PART ONE TOWARD A HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF AMERICAN EDUCATION

(90)

CHAPTER 1 Early Ideas in the Development of the American School

(34)

The Emerging Public School in Colonial America

(7)

School Life

(5)

OBJECTS OF TEACHING The New England Primer

(11)

Regional Differences

(2)

The Movement Toward a Sociocivic Mandate

(8)

Bringing the School to the People

(3)

Education in the New Nation

(2)

The Struggle for the American Public School

(2)

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Lancaster Method

(9)

The Rise of State Authority

(2)

The Upward and Outward Extension of Schooling

(2)

WEB POINTS Land Grant Legislation

(2)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Questions

(1)

References

(2)

CHAPTER 2 Defining the School Curriculum at the Turn of the 20th Century

(28)

The Ascendancy of the Traditional Liberal Arts

(3)

The Doctrine of Mental Discipline

(1)

The Committee Reports and the Identification of the Curriculum

(1)

THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE IN LITERATURE Mr. Gradgrind

(3)

SCHOLARLY VOICES Hutchins on the Virtues of Developing the Mind

(11)

The Child-Centered Counterreaction

(9)

The Doctrine of Original Goodness

(1)

The European Influences

(7)

OBJECTS OF TEACHING Montessori's Didactic Materials

(5)

American Child-Centeredness

(4)

OBJECTS OF TEACHING A Unit of Study Related to Boats

(1)

WEB POINTS Institute for Learning Technologies

(1)

The Progressive Criticism of Child-Centeredness

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Questions

(1)

References

(2)

CHAPTER 3 Defining the School Curriculum into the 20th Century

(27)

Progressivism and the Cause of Social Reform

(3)

John Dewey and the Democratic Community

(2)

SCHOLARLY VOICES The Progressive Views of John Dewey

(3)

Lester Ward and the Founding Principles of a New Progressivism

(1)

THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE IN LITERATURE Miss Weber's One-Room School

(10)

Progressive Ideas in Action

(3)

A Tidal Change in Secondary Education

(1)

A More Radical Progressivism

(3)

Education and the Rise of Social Efficiency

(2)

Frederick Taylor and the Ideal of Efficiency

(1)

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Taylor's Conversation with Schmidt

(6)

Curriculum Design and Social Efficiency

(2)

Opting for Specificity in the Curriculum

(2)

SCHOLARLY VOICES John Dewey on Mental Measurement

(2)

Key Terms

(1)

Key Questions

(1)

References

(2)

PART TWO THE SCHOOL AND SOCIETY

(192)

CHAPTER 4 The Structure of American Education

(34)

Grade and School Level Orientations

(4)

School Governance

(1)

WEB POINTS School Districts on the Internet

(4)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE Eliminating the Department of Education

102

(1)

Funding Public Education

102

(1)

WEB POINTS The Department of Education

103

(7)

The Overall Investment in American Education

108

(2)

THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE IN LITERATURE Mrs. Hawkins

110

(12)

The Relation between Church and State

112

(10)

FROM THE EDITORIAL PAGE Personal Prayer is Not Illegal

122

(1)

WEB POINTS Edwards V. Aguillard

123

(1)

Key Terms

123

(1)

Key Questions

123

(1)

References

124

(2)

CHAPTER 5 The Question of School Equity

126

(36)

The Curriculum Tracking Problem

129

(1)

THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE IN LITERATURE Inequities in Society and School

129

(8)

STUDENT VOICES Student Statements About Learning in Different Curriculum Tracks

137

(6)

The Struggle for Desegregation

141

(2)

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT Percentage of Black Children in Majority White Schools in the South

143

(11)

The Gender of Schooling

150

(4)

FROM THE EDITORIAL PAGE Shortchanging Girls

154

(4)

Key Terms

158

(1)

Key Questions

158

(1)

References

159

(3)

CHAPTER 6 The Question of School Achievement

162

(62)

American Education in the International Context

164

(14)

Cross-National Outcomes

167

(11)

Using the SAT to Measure Successful Schools

178

(2)

The National Assessment of Educational Progress

180

(1)

Reading Proficiency

180

(1)

WEB POINTS The Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation

181

(22)

Science Proficiency

187

(6)

Math Proficiency

193

(5)

Writing Proficiency

198

(4)

History Proficiency

202

(1)

OBJECTS OF TEACHING Items from the NAEP Test on Historical Knowledge

203

(6)

Societal Problems and School Benefits

205

(4)

Poverty and Families

206

(3)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE School Readiness

209

(2)

Dropouts

209

(2)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE School Achievement and Prenatal Care

211

(10)

Drug Abuse and Crime

215

(2)

Economic School Benefits

217

(1)

The People's Grade

218

(2)

The Sandia Report

220

(1)

Key Terms

221

(1)

Key Questions

221

(1)

References

221

(3)

CHAPTER 7 The Culture and the Language of Schooling

224

(28)

The Culture of Schooling

227

(7)

Toward a Common Culture

227

(3)

Proposals for a Common Curriculum

230

(3)

Culture and Critical Theory

233

(1)

OBJECTS OF TEACHING The Most Popular Literature in High School English

234

(4)

Multicultural Education

237

(1)

SCHOLARLY VOICES Schlesinger on the Nonhyphenated American

238

(2)

THE SCHOOL EXPERIENCE IN LITERATURE Searching at Leal Middle School

240

(7)

The Language of Schooling

243

(4)

Bilingual Education

244

(3)

WEB POINTS National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education

247

(2)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE English Only?

249

(1)

Key Terms

250

(1)

Key Questions

250

(1)

References

250

(2)

CHAPTER 8 School Reform and the Sociopolitical Context

252

(31)

Historical Epochs of Reform Since Midcentury

254

(5)

Education During the Cold War and Space-Race Crisis

254

(4)

Humanizing the School in a Period of Social Protest

258

(1)

SCHOLARLY VOICES The Romantics

259

(6)

Educational Retrenchment in the 1970s

260

(2)

Education in a Period of Technological and Industrial Mobilization

262

(2)

The Idea of School Choice in the 1990s

264

(1)

Public School Choice

264

(1)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE School Choice

265

(15)

Vouchers, Privatization and the Rationale for Choice

269

(5)

The Marketplace Priority

274

(3)

The Public Interest

277

(2)

Choice and National Standards

279

(1)

Key Terms

280

(1)

Key Questions

280

(1)

References

281

(2)

PART THREE THE PRACTICE OF SCHOOLING

283

(96)

CHAPTER 9 The Comprehensive Concept of American Education

284

(34)

FROM THE EDITORIAL PAGE American Versus European Traditions of Schooling

286

(1)

SCHOLARLY VOICES Counts on the Genius of American Education

287

(1)

The Design of a Comprehensive School

287

(1)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE The Full-Service School

288

(4)

The Comprehensive Needs of all Youth

289

(2)

Individual Growth

291

(1)

WEB POINTS ERIC

292

(24)

Individual Growth and the Curriculum

293

(1)

The Individualized Phases of the Curriculum

294

(3)

Instructional Methodology and the Nature of the Learner

297

(1)

Sociocivic Growth

298

(7)

The Neglect of Civic Education

298

(3)

Citizenship and the Common Curriculum

301

(2)

The Common Curriculum in Practice

303

(2)

Academic Growth

305

(8)

The Doctrine of Mental Discipline Revisited

306

(1)

Enthroning the Academic Curriculum

307

(2)

Academic Knowledge and the Curriculum

309

(4)

Vocational Growth

313

(2)

Vocational Education and the Curriculum

313

(2)

Physical Education, Music, and Art

315

(1)

Key Terms

316

(1)

Key Questions

316

(1)

References

317

(1)

CHAPTER 10 The Teacher and the School

318

(38)

America's Teachers

320

(5)

What Do Teachers Say About Their Work?

322

(3)

The Teacher-Technician

325

(7)

Teaching to the Test

326

(2)

Dividing Instruction from Curriculum

328

(2)

Curriculum Materials

330

(2)

Sources for Professional Decision-Making

332

(3)

The Learner

332

(2)

The Society

334

(1)

Subject Matter

335

(1)

Procedures for Professional Decision-Making

335

(1)

THE HISTORICAL CONTEXT The Three Sources

336

(1)

WEB POINTS Teacher Talk and Lesson Plan Ideas

337

(7)

What Purposes Should the School Experience Convey and Support?

338

(1)

Formulating Objectives and Selecting Content

339

(3)

What Experiences Must Embody the School's Purposes and How Might These Experiences Be Organized and Developed?

342

(2)

OBJECTS OF TEACHING Developing Instructional Activities

344

(2)

How Do Teachers Know if the Experiences Had Any Effect in Relation to the Stated Purposes?

344

(2)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE Portfolios

346

(5)

The Teacher and the Law

348

(3)

Due Process

348

(1)

Teacher Liability

349

(1)

Freedoms of Expression

350

(1)

THE CONTEMPORARY DEBATE Testing Academic Freedom

351

(3)

Key Terms

354

(1)

Key Questions

354

(1)

References

354

(1)

Legal Cases

355

(1)

CHAPTER 11 Classroom Control

356

(23)

Redefining Control

358

(1)

Behaviorism and the Psychology of External Control

359

(5)

The Reinforcement Strategies

360

(4)

Popular Methods of Control

364

(7)

Contracting

364

(1)

The Authoritarian Climate

365

(2)

Busywork

367

(1)

Sugarcoating

368

(1)

Assertive Discipline

369

(2)

Motivation and Intrinsic Control

371

(1)

SCHOLARLY VOICES Dewey on Discipline

372

(6)

The Democratic Mandate for Self-Control

373

(2)

The Power of Modeling

375

(1)

The Problem Child

376

(2)

Key Terms

378

(1)

Key Questions

378

(1)

References

378

(1)

APPENDIX

379

(4)

NAME INDEX

383

(3)

SUBJECT INDEX

386

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American Education

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials