American Government : Freedom and Power

, by Lowi, Theodore J.; Ginsberg, Benjamin; Shepsle, Kenneth A.

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ISBN: 9780393977073 | 0393977072
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/1/2002

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

PART 1 FOUNDATIONS

(156)

Five Principles of Politics

(26)

What Is Government and Why Is It Necessary?

(5)

Forms of Government s

(1)

Foundations of Government

(1)

Why Is Government Necessary?

(2)

Influencing the Government: Politics

(1)

Why Do Governments Do What They Do?

(14)

Principle 1: All Political Behavior Has a Purpose-or, People Have Goals

(2)

Principle 2: Cooperation through Bargaining and Collective Action Is Difficult, and the Difficulty Mounts as the Number of People Grows-or, All Politics Is Collective Action

(4)

Principle 3: Rules and Procedures Matter-or, Institutions Are the Forces That Shape Politics

(3)

Principle 4: Political Outcomes Are the Products of Individual Preferences and Institutional Procedures-or, Policy Results When Political Goals Meet Institutions

(2)

Principle 5: History Matters-or, How Did We Get to Where We Are?

(2)

Summary

(1)

For Further Reading

(1)

Constructing a Government: The Founding and the Constitution

(42)

The First Founding; Interests and Conflicts

(4)

British Taxes and Colonial Interests

(1)

Political Strife and the Radicalizing of the Colonists

(1)

The Declaration of Independence

(1)

The Articles of Confederation

(1)

The Second Founding: From Compromise to Constitution

(7)

International Standing and Balance of Power

(1)

The Annapolis Convention

(1)

Shays's Rebellion

(1)

The Constitutional Convention

(4)

The Constitution

(8)

The Legislative Branch

(1)

The Executive Branch

(1)

The Judicial Branch

(1)

National Unity and Power

(1)

Amending the Constitution

(1)

Ratifying the Constitution

(1)

Constitutional Limits on the National Government's Power

(3)

The Fight for Ratification

(7)

Federalists versus Antifederalists

(5)

Changing the Institutional Framework: Constitutional Amendment

(6)

Amendments: Many Are Called, Few Are Chosen

(1)

The Twenty-Seven Amendments

(5)

Reflections on the Founding: Principles or Interests?

(2)

Summary

(1)

For Further Reading

(3)

The Constitutional Framework: Federalism and the Separation of Powers

(40)

The Federal Framework

(22)

Who Does What? Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism 1789-1937

(3)

The Changing Role of the National Government

(3)

The Role of the States Vis-a-Vis the National Government

(9)

Who Does What? The Changing Federal Framework

(7)

The Separation of Powers

(7)

Checks and Balances

(1)

Legislative Supremacy

(6)

Federalism and the Separation of Powers as Political Institutions

105

(2)

Altering the Balance of Power: What Are the Consequences?

106

(1)

Summary

107

(2)

For Further Reading

109

(2)

The Constitutional Framework and the Individual: Civil Liberties and Civil Rights

111

(46)

Civil Liberties: Nationalizing the Bill of Rights

117

(12)

Dual Citizenship

118

(1)

The Fourteenth Amendment

119

(4)

The Constitutional Revolution in Civil Liberties

123

(3)

Rehnquist: A De-Nationalizing Trend?

126

(3)

Civil Rights

129

(24)

Plessy v, Ferguson, ``Separate but Equal''

130

(1)

Racial Discrimination after World War II

130

(4)

Simple Justice: The Courts, the Constitution, and Civil Rights after Brown v. Board of Education

134

(7)

The Rise of the Politics of Rights

141

(5)

Affirmative Action

146

(7)

Summary

153

(2)

For Further Reading

155

(2)

PART 2 INSTITUTIONS

157

(202)

Congress: The First Branch

159

(58)

Representation

164

(11)

House and Senate: Differences in Representation

166

(2)

The Electoral System

168

(7)

The Organization of Congress

175

(19)

Cooperation in Congress

175

(2)

Other Underlying Problems

177

(2)

Party Leadership in the House and the Senate

179

(5)

The Committee System: The Core of Congress

184

(8)

The Staff System: Staffers and Agencies

192

(1)

Informal Organization: The Caucuses

193

(1)

Rules of lawmaking; Mow a Bill Becomes a law

194

(7)

Committee Deliberation

194

(1)

Debate

195

(2)

Conference Committee; Reconciling House and Senate Versions of a Bill

197

(1)

Presidential Action

197

(3)

The Distributive Tendency in Congress

200

(1)

How Congress Decides

201

(7)

Constituency

201

(1)

Interest Groups

202

(1)

Party Discipline

203

(5)

Weighing Diverse Influences

208

(1)

Beyond Legislation: Additional Congressional Powers

208

(2)

Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers

208

(2)

Impeachment

210

(1)

Power and Representation

210

(3)

Summary

213

(2)

For Further Reading

215

(2)

The President: From Chief Clerk to Chief Executive

217

(52)

The Constitutional Basis of the Presidency

222

(13)

The President As Head of State: Some Imperial Qualities

223

(3)

The Domestic Presidency: The President As Head of Government

226

(9)

The Rise of Presidential Government

235

(7)

The legislative Epoch 1800-1933

236

(3)

The New Deal and the Presidency

239

(3)

Presidential Government

242

(19)

Formal Resources of Presidential Power

243

(6)

Informal Resources of Presidential Power

249

(12)

Is a Parliamentary System Better?

261

(4)

Governmental Arrangements

261

(1)

The Government Formation Process

262

(3)

Summary

265

(2)

For Further Reading

267

(2)

The Executive Branch: Bureaucracy in a Democracy

269

(44)

The Bureaucratic Phenomenon

274

(9)

Bureaucratic Organization

274

(1)

The Size of the Federal Service

275

(4)

Bureaucrats

279

(4)

Agencies and Their Politics

283

(16)

The Clientele Agencies: Structures and Politics

285

(3)

Agencies for the Maintenance of the Union

288

(6)

The Regulatory Agencies

294

(2)

Redistributive Administration: Fiscal/Monetary and Welfare Agencies

296

(3)

Controlling the Bureaucracy

299

(10)

President as Chief Executive

300

(3)

Congress and Responsible Bureaucracy

303

(2)

Control of the Bureaucracy As a Principal-Agent Problem

305

(4)

Downsizing Government

309

(2)

Summary

311

(1)

For Further Reading

312

(1)

The Federal Courts: Least Dangerous Branch or Imperial Judiciary?

313

(46)

The Judicial Process

318

(2)

Cases and the Law

318

(2)

The Organization of the Court System

320

(5)

Types of Courts

320

(2)

Federal Jurisdiction

322

(1)

The Lower Federal Courts

323

(1)

The Appellate Courts

323

(1)

The Supreme Court

324

(1)

Judges

325

(3)

How Judges Are Appointed

325

(3)

Courts as Political Institutions

328

(3)

Dispute Resolution

328

(1)

Coordination

329

(1)

Rule Interpretation

329

(2)

The Power of Judicial Review

331

(5)

Judicial Review of Acts of Congress

331

(2)

Judicial Review of State Actions

333

(1)

Judicial Review and Lawmaking

334

(2)

The Supreme Court in Action

336

(10)

How Cases Reach the Supreme Court

336

(3)

Controlling the Flow of Cases

339

(2)

The Case Pattern

341

(2)

The Supreme Court's Procedures

343

(3)

Judicial Decision Making

346

(5)

The Supreme Court Justices

347

(2)

Other Institutions of Government

349

(2)

Judicial Power and Politics

351

(5)

Traditional Limitations on the Federal Courts

351

(1)

Two Judicial Revolutions

352

(4)

Summary

356

(2)

For Further Reading

358

(1)

PART 3 POLITICS

359

(216)

Public Opinion

361

(48)

The Marketplace of Ideas

366

(11)

Origins of the Idea Market

366

(2)

The Idea Market Today

368

(6)

How Are Political Opinions Formed?

374

(3)

Shaping Public Opinion

377

(10)

Enlisting Public Support for Government

377

(4)

Marketing Political Issues

381

(6)

Measuring Public Opinion

387

(15)

Getting Public Opinion Directly from People

388

(2)

Constructing Public Opinion from Surveys

390

(6)

Limits to Assessing Political Knowledge with Polls

396

(5)

Public Opinion, Political Knowledge, and the Importance of Ignorance

401

(1)

Public Opinion and Government Policy

402

(3)

Summary

405

(1)

For Further Reading

406

(3)

Elections

409

(50)

Political Participation

415

(9)

Encouraging Electoral Participation

417

(4)

Is It Rational to Vote?

421

(3)

Regulating the Electoral Process

424

(14)

Electoral Composition

424

(4)

Translating Voters' Choices into Electoral Outcomes

428

(4)

Insulating Decision-Making Processes

432

(6)

How Voters Decide

438

(4)

The Bases of Electoral Choice

438

(4)

The 2000 Elections

442

(5)

Campaign Finance

447

(6)

Sources of Campaign Funds

447

(4)

Campaign Finance Reform

451

(1)

Implications for Democracy

452

(1)

Do Elections Matter?

453

(3)

Why Is There a Decline in Voter Turnout?

453

(1)

Why Do Elections Matter As Political Institutions?

454

(2)

Summary

456

(1)

For Further Reading

457

(2)

Political Parties

459

(44)

What Are Political Parties?

464

(7)

Facilitating Collective Action in the Electoral Process

464

(1)

Resolving Collective Choice in the Policy-making Process

465

(1)

Dealing with the Problem of Ambition

466

(1)

Party Organization: The Committees

466

(5)

The Two-Party System in America

471

(11)

Historical Origins

471

(5)

Electoral Alignments and Realignments

476

(3)

American Third Parties

479

(3)

Functions of the Parties

482

(10)

Recruiting Candidates

482

(1)

Nominations

483

(4)

The Role of the Parties in Getting Out the Vote

487

(1)

Facilitation of Mass Electoral Choice

488

(1)

The Parties' Influence on National Government

489

(3)

Weakening of Party Organization

492

(7)

High-Tech Politics

493

(3)

From Labor-Intensive to Capital-Intensive Politics

496

(2)

The Role of the Parties in Contemporary Politics

498

(1)

Summary

499

(2)

For Further Reading

501

(2)

Groups and Interests

503

(44)

The Group Basis of Politics

509

(8)

Cooperation in Groups

510

(4)

Why Join? A Solution to the Collective Action Problem

514

(2)

The Role of Political Entrepreneurs

516

(1)

Interest Groups in the United states

517

(3)

What Interests Are Represented?

518

(1)

Organizational Components

518

(2)

The Characteristics of Members

520

(1)

The Proliferation of Groups

520

(5)

The Expansion of Government

521

(1)

The New Politics Movement and Public Interest Groups

522

(1)

Conservative Interest Groups

523

(2)

Strategies: The Quest for Political Power

525

(18)

Lobbying

525

(3)

Gaining Access

528

(3)

Using the Courts (Litigation)

531

(3)

Going Public

534

(2)

Using Electoral Politics

536

(7)

Groups and Interests; The Dilemma of Reform

543

(1)

Summary

544

(1)

For Further Reading

545

(2)

The Media

547

(28)

The Media Industry and Government

552

(7)

Types of Media

553

(2)

Organization and Ownership of the Media

555

(1)

Nationalization of the News

556

(1)

Regulation of the Broadcast and Electronic Media

557

(1)

Freedom of the Press

558

(1)

News Coverage

559

(7)

Journalists

560

(1)

The Newsmakers: Politicians

561

(2)

The Power of Consumers

563

(3)

Media Power in American Politics

566

(6)

Shaping Events

566

(1)

The Sources of Media Power

567

(3)

The Rise of Adversarial Journalism

570

(2)

Media Power and Responsibility

572

(2)

Summary

574

(1)

For Further Reading

574

(1)

PART 4 GOVERNANCE

575

(2)

Government in Action: Public Policy and the Economy

577

(42)

Government and the Market

583

(3)

The Bases of the Market Economy

583

(3)

Goals: Substantive Uses of Economic Policy

586

(20)

Policies for Public Order and Private Property

587

(1)

Making and Maintaining a National Market Economy

588

(7)

Maintaining a Capitalist Economy

595

(11)

Implementing Public Policy: The Techniques of Control

606

(10)

Promotional Techniques

606

(3)

Regulatory Techniques

609

(3)

Redistributive Techniques

612

(4)

Summary

616

(1)

For Further Reading

617

(2)

Government and Society

619

(32)

The Welfare State

625

(21)

Foundations of the Welfare State

627

(8)

The Welfare State Evaluated

635

(4)

Breaking Out of the Cycle of Poverty

639

(7)

Who Is Poor? What Can Government Do?

646

(1)

Summary

647

(2)

For Further Reading

649

(2)

Foreign Policy and Democracy

651

(5)

The Players: The Makers and Shapers of Foreign Policy

656

(6)

Who Makes Foreign Policy?

657

(2)

Who Shapes Foreign Policy?

659

(2)

Putting It Together

661

(1)

The Values in American Foreign Policy

662

(4)

Legacies of the Traditional System

663

(1)

The Great Leap to World Power

664

(2)

The Instruments of Modern American Foreign Policy

666

(12)

Diplomacy

666

(2)

The United Nations

668

(2)

The International Monetary Structure

670

(1)

Economic Aid

671

(2)

Collective Security

673

(3)

Military Deterrence

676

(2)

Roles Nations Play

678

(8)

Choosing a Role

678

(2)

Roles for America Today

680

(6)

Summary

686

(2)

For Further Reading

688

APPENDIX

(43)

The Declaration of Independence

(4)

The Articles of Confederation

(6)

The Constitution of the United States of America

(12)

Amendments to the Constitution

(10)

Federalist Papers, Nos. 10, 51

(9)

Glossary of Terms

(19)

Glossary of Court Cases

(14)

Index

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American Government : Freedom and Power

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials