American Public Policy An Introduction

, by Cochran, Clarke E.; Mayer, Lawrence C.; Carr, T. R.; Cayer, N. Joseph

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ISBN: 9780534601638 | 0534601634
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 8/29/2005

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Learn the practical methods of public policy analysis so you can apply them to real life policies with AMERICAN PUBLIC POLICY. This textbook focuses on specific, substantive issues of public policy and analyzes American public policies in a historical context so you can evaluate, analyze, and debate whether established policies are successful or if alternative policies could better serve the American public.

Preface

xvi

About the Authors

xix

1 PUBLIC POLICY: AN INTRODUCTION

(19)

Studying Public Policy

(2)

What Constitutes Public Policy?

(1)

Why Study Public Policy?

(1)

Defining Major Concepts

(12)

Policy Analysis

(1)

Categories of Public Policy

(3)

Models of the Policy Process

(1)

Stages of Policy Development

(3)

Aspects of Policy Evaluation

(5)

Approaches Taken by This Book

(1)

Chapter Plan

(1)

National Focus

(1)

Comparative Information

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(1)

Resources

(2)

2 CONTEXTS OF PUBLIC POLICY

(24)

The Institutional Context

(12)

Intergovernmental Relations

(3)

Participants in Intergovernmental Relations

(1)

Contemporary Intergovernmental Realities

(1)

Forms of Intergovernmental Interaction

(1)

Changing Intergovernmental Relations

(3)

Whither Federalism?

(2)

The Economic Context

(1)

The Demographic Context

(3)

The Ideological Context

(3)

The Cultural Context

(1)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(1)

Resources

(2)

3 THE ECONOMY: CHANGING GOVERNMENT-BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS

(30)

Issue Background: Key Concepts in Economics

(9)

The Free-Enterprise System

(3)

History of Government's Role

(2)

Inflation and Recession

(1)

Microeconomic App roaches

(3)

Contemporary Policy: Case Studies in Economic Intervention

(9)

The Federal Trade Commission: Traditional Economic Regulation

(5)

Community Revitalization Issues: Merging Social and Economic Concerns

(2)

International Trade

(2)

Policy Evaluation: Encouraging Competition or Discouraging Innovation?

(6)

Deregulation

(1)

International Trade

(1)

Assistance to Business

(1)

Effects of Regulation

(2)

Changes in Regulation

(2)

Future Alternatives: Reforming the Relationship of Government and the Economy

(2)

Summary

(2)

Notes

(1)

Resources

(1)

4 ECONOMIC ISSUES: TAXING, SPENDING, AND BUDGETING

(27)

Issue Background: Concepts and Issues

(5)

Economic Policy Obstacles

(2)

Macroeconomic Approaches

(2)

Contemporary Policy: Approaches to Managing the Economy

(7)

Traditional Economic Theory

(1)

Supply-Side Economics

(1)

Budget Deficits in the 1980's and 1990's

(3)

Tax Reform

(2)

Policy Evaluation: Success or Failure?

(8)

Social Orders

(1)

Inflation

(1)

Fiscal Policy

(3)

Federal Revenues and Spending

(2)

Fiscal Policy Evaluation

(1)

Defense Spending

(1)

Future Alternatives: Spending, Taxes, and the Deficit

(3)

Taxes

(1)

Other Future Issues

(2)

Summary

(1)

Notes

(1)

Resources

(2)

5 ENERGY AND ENØONMENTAL POLICIES: POLICY COMPLACENCY

101

(43)

Energy Policy Issue Background: Complacency and Crisis

101

(5)

Traditional Energy Policy

101

(3)

Western Vulnerability: OPEC and the Arab Oil Embargo

104

(2)

Contemporary Policy: From Complacency to Crisis to Complacency

106

(6)

Energy Problems Emerge

106

(1)

Global Dependence on Fossil Fuels

107

(1)

Energy Policy after 1973

108

(3)

Energy Policy after 1980

111

(1)

Energy Policy after 2000

112

(1)

Policy Evaluation: Continued Fossil Fuel Dependence

112

(8)

Alternatives to Fossil Fuels

113

(2)

Nuclear Power

115

(3)

Political Impact of Continued Oil Dependence

118

(2)

Future Alternatives: Energy Policy Complacency

120

(2)

Environmental Policy

122

(1)

Issue Background: A Legacy of Environmental Abuse

122

(8)

Air Pollution

123

(2)

Water and Solid-Waste Pollution

125

(2)

Toxic and Hazardous Waste

127

(2)

Acid Rain

129

(1)

The Environmental Legacy

129

(1)

Contemporary Environmental Policy

130

(3)

Water-Pollution Policy

130

(1)

Air-Pollution Policy

131

(1)

The National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)

131

(2)

Policy Evaluation: Searching for Direction

133

(2)

Current Policy Direction and Values

133

(1)

Reduced Public Concern

134

(1)

The Politics of Regulation

134

(1)

Enforcement Problems

135

(1)

Future Alternatives: Unresolved Policy Issues

135

(5)

International Treaties

135

(1)

Self-Regulation of the Market

136

(1)

Taxes and Legal Action

136

(1)

The Role of State Governments

137

(1)

Public Attitudes

138

(1)

Energy and the Environment

138

(2)

Summary

140

(1)

Notes

141

(1)

Resources

142

(2)

6 CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE: DILEMMAS OF SOCIAL CONTROL

144

(104)

Issue Background: The Growth and Decline of Crime

146

(13)

The Extent of Crime

146

(5)

Reasons for Crime

151

(8)

Contemporary Policy: Constitutional Rights and the Deterrence of Crime

159

(10)

Confessions and the Right to Counsel

160

(2)

The Exclusionary Rule and Search and Seizure

162

(1)

Capital Punishment

163

(6)

Policy Evaluation: Flaws in the Criminal Justice System

169

(7)

Confessions and the Right to Counsel

169

(2)

The Exclusionary Rule and Search and Seizure

171

(1)

Capital Punishment

172

(2)

Conclusion: Crime and Criminal Procedure

174

(2)

Future Alternatives: Policy Options for Reducing Crime

176

(20)

Drug-Related Crimes

177

(2)

Violence against Women

179

(2)

Crimes of Violence and Gun Control

181

(8)

Decriminalization and Deterrence

189

(1)

A Controversial Explanation: Abortion and Crime

190

(1)

Strengthening the Police

191

(1)

Penal Reform, Sentencing, and Recidivism

191

(3)

Zero Tolerance for Petty Street Crime

194

(1)

Limiting the Alternatives to Punishment

194

(2)

Summary

196

(1)

Notes

197

(3)

Resources

200

(1)

7 INCOME SUPPORT: SECURITY, WORK, OR DEPENDENCE?

201

(47)

Issue Background: Responding to Poverty

201

(12)

Defining Poverty

201

(4)

How Many Poor?

205

(1)

Who Are the Poor?

206

(3)

The Causes of Poverty

209

(2)

The Welfare State

211

(2)

Contemporary Policy: Social Insurance Programs

213

(3)

Social Security

213

(1)

Unemployment Insurance

214

(2)

Policy Evaluation: Does Social Security Still Work?

216

(3)

Social Security Successes

216

(1)

The Social Security Dilemma

216

(1)

Is Social Security Fair?

217

(1)

Unemployment Compensation

218

(1)

Future Alternatives: The Difficulty of Social Security Reform

219

(4)

The Future of Social Security

219

(1)

Quick Fixes

220

(1)

Diversifying Social Security Investment

220

(1)

Privatizing Social Security

221

(1)

Pensions

222

(1)

Contemporary Policy: Public Assistance Programs

223

(7)

Cash Assistance Programs

223

(4)

In Kind Benefits

227

(2)

Work/Employment Programs

229

(1)

Public Assistance Spending

229

(1)

Policy Evaluation: Public Assistance

230

(6)

Accomplishments of Public Assistance

230

(1)

Has Welfare Reform Worked?

231

(4)

TANF Re-authorization

235

(1)

Future Alternatives in Public Assistance

236

(7)

Children and Poverty

237

(2)

The Underclass

239

(1)

Housing Programs and Homelessness

240

(1)

Employment Issues

241

(1)

Conclusions

242

(1)

Summary

243

(1)

Notes

244

(3)

Resources

247

(1)

8 HEALTH CARE: UNLIMITED NEEDS, LIMITED RESOURCES

248

(41)

Issue Background: The Health Care System and Its Problems

248

(14)

The Structure of American Health Care

248

(1)

Managed Care

249

(2)

Paying for Health Care

251

(1)

Other Nations

251

(2)

How Healthy Is America?

253

(2)

Inequities in Access to Health Care

255

(1)

High Cost

256

(5)

Quality of Health Care

261

(1)

Contemporary Policy: Health Care for the Poor and Aged

262

(5)

Medicare

262

(3)

Medicaid

265

(1)

State Children s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP)

266

(1)

Other Federal Programs

267

(1)

Policy Evaluation: Health Care at the Crossroads

267

(4)

Medicare and Medicaid

268

(1)

Questioning the Structures of Health Care

269

(2)

Future Alternatives: Reshaping a Complex System?

271

(13)

Access

271

(5)

Medicare Reform

276

(4)

Cost Control

280

(1)

Beginning and End of Life

281

(2)

Long-Term Care

283

(1)

Summary

284

(2)

Notes

286

(2)

Resources

288

(1)

9 EDUCATION: CONFLICT IN POLICY DIRECTION

289

(44)

Issue Background: Historícal Perspectives and the Onset of Federal Involvement in Education

290

(6)

The Tradition of Free Public Education

290

(1)

The Tradition of Local Control

290

(1)

An Emerging Role for State Governments

291

(1)

Federal Involvement in Education

291

(1)

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965: Expanding the Federal Policy Role

291

(3)

The Federal Role in Higher Education

294

(2)

Contemporary Policy: Remedying Social Inequality Through Education

296

(5)

The Issue of Unequal Financial Resources

296

(3)

Equality in Education

299

(2)

Educational Inequality outside the United States

301

(1)

Policy Evaluation: Educational Quality in the United States

301

(8)

Concern over Poor Student Achievement

302

(3)

Questioning Teacher Competency

305

(1)

Merit Pay and Master Teachers

306

(1)

Bilingual Education

307

(1)

Multiculturalism

308

(1)

Future Alternatives: Community Control, Private Schools, a Changing Federal Role, and Conflicting Priorities

309

(19)

Community Control and Decentralization

310

(1)

The Issue of Private Schools

311

(3)

Crisis in Education

314

(1)

Changing Priorities in Federal Education Policy

315

(1)

Education Policy Priorities in the Twenty-First Century

316

(4)

Unresolved Education Issues: Teachers and Curriculum

320

(3)

Unresolved Education Issues: Structural Questions

323

(2)

Issues in Higher Education

325

(3)

Summary

328

(1)

Notes

329

(3)

Resources

332

(1)

10 LEGAL AND SOCIAL EQUALITY: THE STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSION AND BIGOTRY

333

(48)

Issue Background: The Idea of Equality

334

(10)

Equality under Law

334

(5)

Equality of Opportunity

339

(2)

Equality of Material Well Being

341

(2)

The Civil Rights Movement and Equality

343

(1)

Contemporary Policy: Strengthening Constitutional Guarantees of Equality

344

(17)

The Erosion of the Fourteenth Amendment

344

(1)

Ending Segregation

345

(1)

Enforcing Integration

346

(2)

The Struggle for Racial Balance in Employment and Higher Education

348

(3)

Equality and the Women s Movement

351

(6)

Bias against Homosexuals, the Handicapped, and Native Americans

357

(4)

Policy Evaluation: The Drive for Proportional Equality

361

(7)

Busing for Racial Balance

361

(2)

Retreat on Racial Preference Programs

363

(3)

Recent Assaults on Racial Preference

366

(2)

Future Alternatives: The Changing Conception of Equality

368

(9)

The Debate over Affirmative Action

368

(6)

Race and Equality

374

(3)

Summary

377

(1)

Notes

378

(2)

Resources

380

(1)

11 IMMIGRATION POLICY: THE BARELY OPEN DOOR

381

(25)

Issue Background: From an Open Door to Increasing Limits

381

(7)

The Open Door

381

(1)

Use of Quotas

382

(3)

Transition to a Preference System

385

(2)

Illegal Immigration

387

(1)

Contemporary Policy: Responding to Changing Immigration Dynamics

388

(5)

Policy Evaluation: Contrasting Perceptions

393

(5)

Current Policy Concerns

393

(1)

Economic Concerns

393

(1)

Impact on Public Services

394

(2)

Quality of Life

396

(2)

Future Alternatives: Openness or Restriction?

398

(3)

Summary

401

(1)

Notes

402

(3)

Resources

405

(1)

12 FOREIGN AND DEFENSE POLICY: SECURITY AND INTERESTS IN A DANGEROUS WORLD

406

(30)

Issue Background: Competing Approaches to Foreign Policy

407

(9)

Realism or Classical Diplomacy

407

(3)

The Balance of Power

410

(2)

The American Style in Foreign Policy: Wilsonian Idealism

412

(1)

Universal Justice and the Nuremberg Principle

413

(1)

Diplomacy, Force, and American Optimism

414

(1)

Collective Security and Institutional Solutions to World Conflict

415

(1)

Policy Past and Present: Cold War, Containment, and After

416

(3)

The Failure of Containment in Vietnam

418

(1)

The Search for a Comprehensive Peace in Palestine

419

(1)

Policy Evaluation: Realism versus Idealism in the Middle East

419

(7)

Oil, U.S. Foreign Policy, and the Middle East

420

(1)

Palestinian Nationalism

421

(3)

American Options in the Area: A Ray of Hope

424

(2)

Future Alternatives: Control of Terrorism

426

(6)

Defining Terrorism

426

(1)

Options for Confronting Terror

426

(3)

The War in Iraq and the Struggle with Terror

429

(1)

Pre-War Intelligence on WMDs and on a Connection between Iraq and Terrorism

430

(1)

Rogue Regimes and WMDs

431

(1)

Summary

432

(1)

Notes

433

(1)

Resources

434

(2)

13 PRIVATE MORALITY AND PUBLIC POLICY: FAMILY VALUES, SOCIAL ISSUES, AND THE OPEN SOCIETY

436

(44)

The Idea of the Open Society

436

(5)

The Emergence of Neo-Populism on the Right

436

(1)

The Open Society and the Tolerance of Diverse Public Ideas

437

(1)

Community and Family Values versus the Open Society

438

(2)

The Role of the Court and the Presumption of Constitutionality

440

(1)

Abortion, Birth Control, and the Law

441

(7)

The Moral Issue

446

(2)

Assisted Suicide and the Preservation of Life

448

(1)

The First Amendment and Public Morality: Suppressing Obscenity

448

(15)

Freedom of Speech

448

(3)

Protection against Insensitive Speech

451

(3)

Obscenity and the Marketplace of Ideas

454

(1)

Obscenity and the Law: The Roth Rule

454

(3)

The Conflict between Pornography and Public Morality

457

(6)

Conflict over the Role of Religion in the United States

463

(13)

The Establishment Clause

465

(8)

The Free Exercise Clause

473

(3)

Family Values and Feminism 475 Summary

476

(1)

Notes

477

(1)

Resources

478

(2)

14 THE CONTINUING POLICY DEBATES: A CONCLUSION

480

(9)

Political Actors

480

(1)

Ideology, Demography, and Policy Stalemate

481

(3)

Pluralism

484

(1)

The Limits of Public Policy

485

(1)

"Problem" and "Solution"

486

(3)

GLOSSARY

489

(8)

INDEX

497

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American Public Policy An Introduction

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