The Ancient Near East: c.3000û330 BC (2 volumes)

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ISBN: 9780415167628 | 0415167620
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 6/23/1997

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The Ancient Near East embraces the borders of Iran and Afghanistan in the east to the Levant and Anatolia, and from the Black Sea in the north to Egypt in the south.The Ancient Near Eastdispels many of the misapprehensions which have surrounded the study of the region. In this well-illustrated volume, Amelie Kuhrt offers a comprehensive survey of the history of the Near East from the earliest written documents to Alexander the Great's Conquest, and provides up-to-date narrative which takes into account the latest archaeological and textual discoveries.

List of figures

xiv

List of maps

xvi

List of tables

xvii

Abbreviations

xix

Preface

xxvii

Introduction

(1)

The region

(3)

Languages and writing

(2)

The environment

(1)

Understanding Near Eastern history

(3)

Problems of evidence

(1)

The chronological framework

(1)

The Neolithic background

(2)

Notes

(5)

Part I The development of states and cities (c. 3000--c. 1600)

Mesopotamia in the Third Millennium bc

(55)

The background (c. 6000--c. 2900)

(8)

Environment

(2)

The development of settled life

(2)

The Late Uruk period

(4)

The cities (c. 2900--2340)

(17)

Sources and the problems of using them

(4)

Political and social organisation

(2)

Kings and cities

(1)

Royal courts

(2)

War

(3)

Society

(1)

Inter-state relations

(4)

The Empire of Agade

(12)

Introduction to sources and chronology

(4)

The rise and fall of Agade

(5)

King and country

(3)

The Third Dynasty of Ur (2112-2004)

(16)

From the end of Agade to the rise of Ur

(2)

The development of the state of Ur III

(2)

Reconstructing the state of Ur III

(3)

Royal rule and royal ideology

(7)

The end of Ur III

(2)

Notes

(2)

Mesopotamia c. 2000-c. 1600: The Old Babylonian and Old Assyrian Periods

(44)

Introduction

(2)

South Mesopotamia c. 2000--c. 1800

(5)

Ashur in the Old Assyrian period (c. 2000--c. 1800)

(9)

Location and name

(3)

Sources for Ashur's history

(3)

Ashur's emergence on the international stage

(1)

The city-state of Ashur

(2)

The Old Assyrian merchants in Anatolia (c. 1900--c. 1830)

(5)

Introduction

(2)

The organisation of the Assyrian trade

(3)

Mari and its world (c. 1810--c. 1760)

(13)

Introduction

(3)

The political scene

(4)

The kingdom of Mari

102

(6)

Hammurabi and the First Dynasty of Babylon (1894--1595)

108

(8)

The rise of Babylon

108

(1)

King, country and subjects

109

(6)

The decline of Babylon

115

(1)

Notes

116

(2)

Egypt From Dynasty I to Dynasty XVII (c. 3100/3000--1552)

118

(67)

Country and environment

118

(5)

Dynastic history: sources and problems

123

(2)

The formation of the Egyptian state

125

(10)

The tradition of unification

125

(2)

The evidence

127

(3)

Predynastic cultures

130

(2)

Reconsidering Egypt's unification

132

(2)

Early Dynastic Egypt

134

(1)

Egypt in the Old Kingdom (dynasties III--VI: c. 2686--2181)

135

(19)

Contemporary evidence

137

(7)

Beyond the Nile valley

144

(1)

Literature and literary sources

145

(2)

State and society

147

(7)

Herakleopolis and the rise of Thebes (c. 2180--1991)

154

(7)

Chronology and sources

155

(1)

The struggle between Herakleopolis and Thebes

156

(2)

Egypt in turmoil and the nomarchs

158

(1)

The end of the Old Kingdom

159

(1)

Egypt reunited

160

(1)

Egypt in the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040--c. 1720 (2023--1720))

161

(12)

Chronology and sources

161

(2)

The founding of dynasty XII

163

(2)

The royal image

165

(2)

The government of Egypt

167

(1)

Egypt abroad

168

(3)

Middle Kingdom literature

171

(2)

The Second Intermediate Period and Hyksos rule in Egypt (c. 1720--c. 1550)

173

(9)

Chronology

174

(1)

General points and dynasty XV

174

(2)

Dynasties XIII and XVII

176

(2)

Dynasties XIV and XVI

178

(1)

The Hyksos and Egypt

179

(3)

Notes

182

(3)

Part II The great powers (c. 1600--c. 1050)

Imperial Egypt: The New Kingdom (1552/1550--1069)

185

(40)

Chronology and sources

185

(3)

The foundation of imperial Egypt: from Amose to Tuthmosis IV (dynasty XVIII:--1550--1403(1390))

188

(6)

The Amarna period: late dynasty XVIII (1403--1306 (1390--1295))

194

(10)

The Late New Kingdom: dynasties XIX and XX (1306 (1295)--1069)

204

(7)

War and peace

205

(4)

The decline of the New Kingdom

209

(2)

The New Kingdom state

211

(13)

King and kingship

211

(5)

Royal wives

216

(1)

The army

217

(2)

Central administration and economy

219

(2)

State temples and popular piety

221

(2)

The collapse of the New Kingdom: problems of evidence

223

(1)

Notes

224

(1)

The Hittites

225

(58)

Anatolia from the Old Assyrian period to the emergence of the Hittite kingdom (c. 1800--c. 1650)

225

(4)

Problems of chronology, sources and geography

229

(9)

Historical phases and chrononlogy of rulers

229

(3)

The sources

232

(5)

Historical geography

237

(1)

The Hittite Old Kingdom (c. 1650--c. 1500)

238

(12)

Hattusili I's political testament

238

(2)

The wars of Hattusili I and Mursili I

240

(4)

The Edict of Telepinu

244

(6)

The Hittite Empire (c. 1430(1420)--c. 1200)

250

(16)

The early Empire

250

(2)

The conquests of Suppiluliuma I

252

(2)

The reign of Mursili II

254

(4)

Muwatalli, Urhi-Teshub and Hattusili III

258

(6)

The last Hittite kings

264

(2)

The Hittite state

266

(15)

The Great King and subject rulers

266

(4)

The Great King and his officials

270

(2)

The land of Hatti

272

(2)

Pollution and purification, guilt and penitence

274

(2)

King, court and ceremonial

276

(5)

Notes

281

(2)

Syria and The Levant

283

(49)

Mitanni and the Hurrians

283

(17)

Who were the Hurrians?

283

(6)

The kingdom of Mitanni

289

(1)

Historical outline

289

(7)

The nature of the Mitannian state

296

(2)

Society

298

(2)

Ugarit

300

(14)

The realm of Ugarit

301

(4)

Ugarit's political history

305

(9)

Emar

314

(3)

The Egyptian empire in Syria-Palestine

317

(13)

Sources and terminology

317

(3)

The Egyptian conquest

320

(4)

Canaan under Egypt's power

324

(5)

A note on Egypt's empire in Nubia

329

(1)

Notes

330

(2)

Mesopotamia c. 1600--c. 900

332

(141)

Kassite Babylonia (1595--1155)

332

(16)

The arrival of the Kassites

332

(2)

The Kassite impact on Babylonia

334

(5)

Babylonia among the great powers

339

(9)

Assyria in the Middle Assyrian period (c. 1400--c. 1050)

348

(17)

Ashur-uballit and his successors (1365--1245 (1353--1234))

349

(6)

The reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I (1244--1208 (1233--1197))

355

(3)

Tiglath-pileser I (1114--1076)

358

(4)

Middle Assyrian society

362

(3)

Elam: the classical period (c. 1450--c. 1100)

365

(9)

Definition and sources

365

(3)

Historical outline to c. 1100

368

(5)

Political structure and society

373

(1)

Babylonia: the end of the Kassites and succeeding dynasties (1158--c. 905)

374

(6)

Notes

380

(5)

List of figures

List of maps

List of tables

Abbreviations

xiii

Part III Political transformation and the great empires (c. 1200--330)

The Levant c. 1200--c. 720

385

(1)

Crisis and political change between c. 1200 and 900

385

(1)

The `sea-peoples'

386

(7)

The Aramaeans

393

(8)

The Assyrian evidence

395

(4)

The Babylonian evidence

399

(1)

Evidence from the Levant

400

(1)

Conclusions

400

(1)

The survival of Late Bronze Age centres

401

(16)

The Phoenicians

402

(1)

Sources and problems

403

(4)

The development of the Phoenician cities

407

(3)

The Neo-Hittite states

410

(1)

Definition and location

410

(4)

Sources for political and social conditions

414

(2)

Conclusion

416

(1)

Israel: the formation of a small Levantine state c. 1200--900

417

(41)

Introduction

417

(2)

The Old Testament

419

(4)

The implications of biblical criticism for Israel's early history

423

(1)

The problem of the Israelite settlement

424

(1)

Defining the problem

424

(5)

Approaches to the problem

429

(8)

Conclusion

437

(1)

The emergence of the Israelite state

438

(1)

General overview

438

(2)

Chronology and sources

440

(2)

Israel and the judges

442

(1)

Saul, the first king of Israel

443

(4)

The triumph of Judah

447

(1)

Introduction and sources

447

(2)

David

449

(4)

Solomon

453

(3)

The separate states of Israel and Judah

456

(2)

The states of the Levant and the Assyrian empire in the ninth and eighth centuries

458

(14)

The broad picture

458

(4)

The case of Israel and Judah

462

(1)

Sources

463

(3)

Historical outline

466

(3)

Conclusion

469

(3)

Notes

472

(1)

The Neo-Assyrian Empire (934--610)

473

(74)

The Assyrian annals and other historiographical sources

473

(5)

From territorial state to imperial power (934--745)

478

(15)

The development of Assyrian strategy (934--884)

478

(5)

Ashurnasirpal II and Shalmaneser III (883--824)

483

(7)

Problems in Assyria: 823--745

490

(3)

Imperial expansion and consolidation (744--c. 630)

493

(8)

Tiglath-pileser III and Shalmaneser V

496

(1)

Sargon II

497

(2)

Sennacherib, Esarhaddon and Ashurbanipal

499

(2)

The structure of the Assyrian empire

501

(18)

The sources

501

(4)

Kingship, war and imperial ideology

505

(1)

The lord of life and death

505

(3)

The defender of the Assyrian order

508

(4)

The Assyrian king and the divinities of subject peoples

512

(3)

Loyalty, terror, mercy and vengeance

515

(3)

The fruits of war

518

(1)

The royal succession, the royal family and the court

519

(21)

The selection and education of the crown-prince

519

(4)

The king and his learned advisers

523

(2)

The royal funeral

525

(1)

Queens and royal women

526

(2)

Royal children

528

(1)

The royal entourage

529

(2)

The organisation of the empire

531

(1)

The provinces

531

(1)

Manpower, conscription and taxation

532

(3)

Communications, commerce and prosperity

535

(2)

Cities and kings

537

(3)

The fall of Assyria

540

(6)

Problems of evidence

541

(3)

Reconstructing Assyria's demise

544

(2)

Notes

546

(1)

Anatolia c. 900--c. 550

547

(26)

The kingdom of Urartu

548

(14)

Location, exploration, origins and sources

548

(4)

The physical environment

552

(2)

Historical outline

554

(5)

The Urartian state

559

(3)

Phrygia and Lydia

562

(10)

Phrygia

562

(5)

Lydia

567

(5)

Notes

572

(1)

Babylonia c. 900--539

573

(50)

Introduction

573

(3)

The sources

573

(2)

The population of Babylonia

575

(1)

900--705

576

(6)

Co-operation and conflict: Babylonia and Assyria c. 900--747

576

(2)

The Assyrian conquest of Babylonia: 747--705

578

(4)

Babylonia under Assyrian rule: 705--627

582

(7)

Sennacherib and Babylon

582

(4)

Babylon restored

586

(1)

Civil war and economic recovery

587

(2)

The Neo-Babylonian dynasty (626--539)

589

(14)

Nabopolassar and the `War of Liberation'

589

(1)

The reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (604--562)

590

(7)

Nebuchadnezzar II's successors

597

(1)

Nabonidus and Cyrus of Persia

598

(5)

The Neo-Babylonian empire

603

(7)

The cities of Babylonia in the Late Babylonian period

610

(11)

Notes

621

(2)

Egypt c. 1000--525

623

(24)

The Third Intermediate Period: dynasties XXI--XXV (1069--664)

623

(13)

Chronology and sources

623

(3)

Historical outline

626

(6)

The Napatan kingdom

632

(2)

The Assyrian invasions of Egypt (674--664)

634

(2)

The Saite period (dynasty XXVI: 664--525)

636

(10)

General observations

636

(1)

The foundation of dynasty XXVI

637

(1)

Egypt united

638

(3)

Frontiers and defence

641

(3)

Amasis

644

(2)

Notes

646

(1)

The Achaemenid Empire (c. 550--330)

647

(56)

The sources

647

(5)

Persians and Medes

652

(4)

The formation of the empire

656

(11)

Cyrus the Great

656

(5)

The conquest of Egypt

661

(3)

The crisis of empire

664

(3)

Achaemenid history and its problems

667

(9)

The reign of Darius I

667

(3)

The western front, 486--431

670

(2)

Darius II and Artaxerxes II

672

(2)

Artaxerxes III and the reconquest of Egypt

674

(1)

The fall of the Persian empire

675

(1)

The structure of the Achaemenid empire

676

(25)

The ideology of kingship

676

(6)

Royal rituals

682

(4)

The king, the court and the Persian nobility

686

(3)

Satrapies and subjects

689

(1)

Provinces and central control

689

(3)

Roads

692

(1)

Land, labour and manpower

693

(3)

Persian government, local autonomy and local traditions

696

(5)

Notes

701

(2)

Bibliography

703

(60)

Index

763

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The Ancient Near East: c.3000û330 BC (2 volumes)

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