Animals and the Constitution Towards Sentience-Based Constitutionalism

Constitutionalism—the idea that constitutions should limit and direct government power—has emerged as the global standard for the exercise of public authority. Its appeal lies in the simple idea that constitutions should secure governance in the interests of the governed. Yet, its popularity has obscured a significant problem: constitutions are centred on the interests of rational human beings, neglecting those who lack such capacities—most notably, non-human animals.

Animals and the Constitution breaks new ground by challenging the human-centredness of current constitutional theory and practices. It pioneers a more capacious account of constitutionalism—sentience-based constitutionalism—which is grounded in respect for the interests of all governed sentient beings. The book demonstrates how this account can be implemented in modern constitutions by rethinking four key principles of constitutionalism: fundamental rights, proportionality, rule of law, and democracy. To illustrate how these principles can be reimagined to protect the interests of both humans and animals, the book draws on and examines numerous real-world examples, ranging from judicial recognitions of wild animal rights in Ecuador, to direct democratic votes on primate rights in Switzerland, to entire proposed bills of rights for animals in Finland.

A unique combination of constitutional theory, animal ethics, and comparative constitutional law, this book offers a practical blueprint for constitutions to address the moral and legal status of sentient beings.

John Olusegun Adenitire, Senior Lecturer in Law, Queen Mary University School of Law,Raffael Fasel, Assistant Professor in Public Law, University of Cambridge

Dr John Olusegun Adenitire is a Senior Lecturer at Queen Mary, University of London, School of Law and a Co-Director of the Forum on Decentering the Human, an inter-disciplinary research centre. He completed his PhD in Law at Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge. He has held visiting research fellowships at Yale, Oxford, New York University, and Fordham University. He has published extensively on constitutional rights, discrimination law and theory, and animal rights. He teaches animal rights law, public law, legal philosophy and EU law at Queen Mary.


Dr Raffael Fasel is Assistant Professor in Public Law at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Jesus College. At Cambridge, he completed his PhD thesis on human and animal rights, which was awarded a Yorke Prize in 2020. He co-founded the Cambridge Centre for Animal Rights Law and lectures on Europe's first Animal Rights Law course, which he co-created. He has published widely in animal rights law, constitutional law, and constitutional theory.

Part I1. Anthropocentric constitutionalism2. Sentience-based constitutionalismPart II3. Fundamental rights4. Proportionality5. Rule of law6. Democracy