Annual Plant Reviews, Plant Hormone Signaling

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ISBN: 9781405138871 | 1405138874
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 9/1/2006

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Plant growth is regulated by developmental programmes that can be modified by environmental cues acting through endogenous signalling molecules including plant hormones. This volume provides an overview of the biosynthesis, catabolism, perception and signal transduction of the individual hormone classes, followed by chapters on hormone distribution and transport, and the roles of hormone signalling in specific developmental processes. Particular attention is paid to the regulation of hormone signalling by environmental and developmental cues, sites of hormone metabolism and action, and interactions between hormone signalling pathways. The book is directed at researchers and professionals in plant biochemistry and molecular biology.

Contributors

xiii

Preface

1 Abscisic acid synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction

(36)

ANNIE MARION-POLL and JEFFREY LEUNG

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Biosynthesis and catabolism pathways

(5)

1.2.1 Main early steps of ABA biosynthesis

(2)

1.2.2 Epoxy-carotenoid cleavage

(2)

1.2.3 The conversion of xanthoxin to ABA

(1)

1.2.4 ABA catabolism

(1)

1.3 Regulation of ABA synthesis and metabolism

(5)

1.3.1 Developmental regulation

(1)

1.3.1.1 Vegetative tissues

(1)

1.3.1.2 Reproductive organs

(1)

1.3.2 Regulation in response to abiotic stresses

(1)

1.3.3 Regulation by endogenous signals and factors

(2)

1.4 ABA signaling in seed maturation processes: proteolysis and combinatorial protein interactions

(3)

1.5 Stress responses in vegetative tissues: the five major nexuses

(7)

1.5.1 ABA recognition sites and the search for the receptors

(2)

1.5.2 Transcriptional network as the readout

(1)

1.5.3 RNA metabolism

(2)

1.5.4 Protein phosphatases 2C

(1)

1.5.5 Sucrose non-fermenting-related kinases

(3)

1.6 ABA signaling in guard cells: simple movements controlled by complex mechanisms

(1)

1.7 ABA as antagonizing signal to light in stomatal movement

(1)

1.8 Concluding remarks

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(11)

2 Auxin metabolism and signaling

(30)

JERRY D. COHEN and WILLIAM M. GRAY

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Auxin metabolism

(9)

2.2.1 Indole-3-acetic acid biosynthesis

(1)

2.2.1.1 The tryptophan-independent pathway

(1)

2.2.1.2 IAA biosynthesis from tryptophan

(2)

2.2.2 IAA conjugates in plants

(1)

2.2.2.1 IAA-peptide conjugates

(1)

2.2.2.2 Amino acid conjugates

(1)

2.2.2.3 Amide conjugate hydrolysis

(1)

2.2.2.4 Ester conjugates

(2)

2.2.3 IAA degradation

(1)

2.3 Auxin signaling

(12)

2.3.1 Auxin-responsive genes

(1)

2.3.2 Auxin response factors

(4)

2.3.3 Regulation of auxin response by the SCFTIR1 ubiquitin–ligase

(2)

2.3.4 Regulation of SCFTIR1 activity

(2)

2.3.5 Identification of an auxin receptor

(3)

2.4 Conclusions and future perspectives

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(8)

3 Integration of brassinosteroid biosynthesis and signaling

(26)

MIKLOS SZEKERES and GERARD J. BISHOP

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Metabolism

(13)

3.2.1 Biosynthesis

(1)

3.2.1.1 DET2

(1)

3.2.1.2 SAX I

(1)

3.2.1.3 DWF4

(1)

3.2.1.4 CPD

(1)

3.2.1.5 ROT3 and CYP9ODJ

(1)

3.2.1.6 CYP85A1 and CYP85A2

(1)

3.2.1.7 Other biosynthetic functions

(1)

3.2.2 Inactivation

(1)

3.2.2.1 BAST

(1)

3.2.2.2 CHI2/SHK1/SOB7

(1)

3.2.2.3 UGT73C5

(1)

3.2.2.4 BNST3 and BNST4

(1)

3.2.3 Functional aspects of BR metabolism

(1)

3.2.3.1 Regulation of biosynthetic genes

(1)

3.2.3.2 Regulation of BR-inactivating genes

(1)

3.2.3.3 Conservation of BR synthesis in higher plants

(1)

3.3 Signal transduction

(4)

3.3.1 BRI1 and BAK1

(1)

3.3.2 BIN2 and BSU1

(1)

3.3.3 BZR1 and BZR2/BES1

(1)

3.3.4 BIM1

(1)

3.3.5 Signaling mechanism and other putative components

(1)

3.4 Future prospectives

(3)

3.4.1 Metabolism

(2)

3.4.2 Signal transduction

(1)

3.4.3 Crops

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

References

(6)

4 Cytokinin metabolism and signal transduction

(32)

ALEXANDER HEYL, TOMÁS WERNER and THOMAS SCHMÜLLING

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Cytokinin metabolism

(8)

4.2.1 Cytokinin biosynthesis

(3)

4.2.2 Cytokinin interconversion and conjugation

(1)

4.2.3 Cytokinin catabolism

(3)

4.3 Cytokinin signal transduction

101

(16)

4.3.1 Cytokinin signal perception

101

(4)

4.3.2 Cytokinin signal transduction

105

(12)

4.4 Conclusions

117

(1)

References

118

(7)

5 Ethylene biosynthesis and signaling: a puzzle yet to be completed

125

(22)

FILIP VANDENBUSSCHE, WIM H. VRIEZEN and DOMINIQUE VAN DER STRAETEN

5.1 Introduction

125

(1)

5.2 Ethylene biosynthesis

126

(5)

5.2.1 ACC synthase

127

(3)

5.2.2 ACC oxidase

130

(1)

5.3 Ethylene signal transduction

131

(6)

5.4 A complex network

137

(2)

Acknowledgements

139

(1)

References

139

(8)

6 Gibberellin metabolism and signal transduction

147

(38)

STEPHEN G. THOMAS and PETER HEDDEN

6.1 Introduction

147

(1)

6.2 The gibberellin metabolic pathway

148

(3)

6.2.1 Biosynthesis of bioactive GAs

148

(2)

6.2.2 GA deactivation

150

(1)

6.3 Genes of GA biosynthesis and their regulation

151

(6)

6.3.1 Developmental regulation

151

(3)

6.3.2 Hormonal regulation

154

(1)

6.3.3 Environmental regulation

154

(3)

6.4 The gibberellin signal transduction pathway

157

(9)

6.4.1 The gibberellin receptor

159

(1)

6.4.2 DELLA proteins act as repressors of GA signaling

159

(2)

6.4.3 GAs promote rapid degradation of DELLA proteins

161

(1)

6.4.4 SCFSLY/GID-mediated degradation of DELLA proteins

162

(2)

6.4.5 The role of GID1 in DELLA degradation

164

(1)

6.4.6 Additional GA-signaling components

164

(1)

6.4.6.1 A role for O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferases in GA signaling

164

(1)

6.4.6.2 DWARF1 and PHOR1, possible positive regulators of GA signaling

165

(1)

6.5 Downstream transcriptional events induced by GAs

166

(4)

6.5.1 GAMYBs

167

(2)

6.5.2 Homoeostatic regulation of GA metabolism

169

(1)

6.6 Sites of GA signaling

170

(4)

6.6.1 Germinating seeds

170

(1)

6.6.2 Stems

171

(1)

6.6.3 Flower initiation and development

171

(1)

6.6.4 The Arabidopsis root

172

(2)

6.7 Conclusions

174

(2)

Acknowledgements

176

(1)

References

176

(9)

7 Oxylipins: biosynthesis, signal transduction and action

185

(44)

CLAUS WASTERNACK

7.1 Introduction

185

(2)

7.2 α-Dioxygenase, phytoprostanes and electrophile compounds

187

(2)

7.2.1 α-Dioxygenase

187

(1)

7.2.2 Phytoprostanes and electrophile compounds

187

(2)

7.3 The LOX pathway

189

(10)

7.3.1 The LOX

190

(1)

7.3.2 HPOT/HPOD: the branch point in the LOX pathway

191

(1)

7.3.3 The AOS branch: jasmonate biosynthesis

192

(1)

7.3.3.1 The AOS

192

(1)

7.3.3.2 The allene oxide cyclase

193

(1)

7.3.3.3 OPR3

194

(1)

7.3.3.4 β-oxidation in JA biosynthesis

194

(1)

7.3.3.5 Jasmonate metabolites

197

(2)

7.4 Mutants in JA biosynthesis and in JA signaling

199

(6)

7.4.1 Mutants in JA biosynthesis

199

(2)

7.4.2 Mutants in JA signaling

201

(2)

7.4.3 Proteasome-mediated JA signaling

203

(2)

7.5 JA, OPDA and related compounds in plant-defense reactions

205

(8)

7.5.1 Plant-microbe interactions

205

(1)

7.5.1.1 Symbiontic interactions

205

(1)

7.5.1.2 Plant pathogen interactions

206

(1)

7.5.1.3 Cross-talk between JA, SA, ethylene and ABA

207

(1)

7.5.2 The wound-response pathway

208

(3)

7.5.3 Direct and indirect defense

211

(2)

7.6 JA in development

213

(3)

7.6.1 Seedling development and root growth

213

(1)

7.6.2 Tuber formation

214

(1)

7.6.3 Flower formation

214

(1)

7.6.4 Senescence

215

(1)

7.7 Concluding remarks

216

(1)

Acknowledgements

217

(1)

References

217

(12)

8 Salicylic acid

229

(28)

CHRISTOPHE GARCION and JEAN-PIERRE MÉTRAUX

8.1 Introduction

229

(1)

8.2 Biosynthesis and metabolism of SA

230

(7)

8.2.1 SA biosynthesis via the phenylpropanoid pathway

230

(3)

8.2.2 SA biosynthesis through the isochorismate pathway

233

(1)

8.2.3 Relative contribution of the isochorismate and BA pathway

234

(1)

8.2.4 Regulation and localization of SA biosynthesis

234

(1)

8.2.5 Metabolism of SA

235

(1)

8.2.6 Biosynthesis of MeSA

236

(1)

8.3 Signal transduction and mode of action

237

(10)

8.3.1 SA-binding sites

238

(1)

8.3.2 SA and signal transduction mediated by MAP kinases

239

(1)

8.3.3 SA and the central role of NPR1

240

(3)

8.3.4 SA and other regulatory proteins

243

(1)

8.3.5 SA and the mobile signal

243

(1)

8.3.6 SA and global gene expression

244

(2)

8.3.7 SA and virus resistance

246

(1)

8.4 Conclusions

247

(10)

References

257

(1)

9 Hormone distribution and transport

257

(36)

JOHN J. ROSS, GREGORY M. SYMONS, LINDY ABAS, JAMES B. REID and CHRISTIAN LUSCHNIG

9.1 Concepts and definitions

257

(1)

9.2 Auxins: distribution and transport

257

(3)

9.2.1 Auxin distribution: old views and new developments

257

(1)

9.2.2 Auxin biosynthesis: not restricted to the shoot anymore

258

(2)

9.3 Auxin transport

260

(9)

9.3.1 Mass-flow-dependent distribution of auxin

260

(1)

9.3.2 Polar auxin transport

260

(1)

9.3.2.1 Physiological aspects

260

(1)

9.3.2.2 Auxin transporters

263

(1)

9.3.2.3 Regulation of the carriers

265

(4)

9.3.3 Conclusion: a joint effort required for auxin transport?

269

(1)

9.4 GAs: distribution and transport

269

(8)

9.4.1 Seeds and fruits

270

(1)

9.4.2 Vegetative tissues

270

(1)

9.4.2.1 Grafting studies

270

(1)

9.4.2.2 Can mature shoot tissue synthesise GAs?

272

(1)

9.4.2.3 Monocotyledonous species

274

(3)

9.4.3 Conclusion: some GAs can undergo long-distance transport, at least in some circumstances

277

(1)

9.5 BRs: distribution and transport

277

(6)

9.5.1 BR distribution

278

(1)

9.5.2 BR transport

278

(1)

9.5.2.1 Exogenous BRs

278

(1)

9.5.2.2 Endogenous BRs: grafting studies

279

(1)

9.5.2.3 BR transport within the shoot?

281

(1)

9.5.2.4 "Short-distance" BR transport?

282

(1)

9.5.3 Conclusion: endogenous BRs do not undergo long-distance transport

283

(1)

9.6 General discussion

283

(1)

Acknowledgements

284

(1)

References

284

(9)

10 Reproductive development

293

(18)

MIGUEL A. BLÁZQUEZ and JOSÉ LEÓN

10.1 Introduction

293

(1)

10.2 Flowering time

293

(4)

10.2.1 Gibberellins

294

(1)

10.2.2 Brassinosteroids

295

(1)

10.2.3 Auxins, cytokinins and ethylene

295

(1)

10.2.4 Abscisic acid

296

(1)

10.2.5 Salicylic acid and the stress-activated transition to flowering

296

(1)

10.3 Flower development

297

(2)

10.4 Early fruit development

299

(3)

10.4.1 Gibberellins

299

(1)

10.4.2 Auxin

300

(1)

10.4.3 Polyamines

301

(1)

10.5 Fruit maturation

302

(2)

10.5.1 Ethylene

302

(1)

10.5.2 Auxin

303

(1)

10.5.3 BRs and ABA

303

(1)

10.5.4 Salicylic acid

304

(1)

10.6 Conclusions

304

(1)

References

304

(7)

11 Seed development and germination

311

(28)

SHINJIRO YAMAGUCHI and EIJI NAMBARA

11.1 Introduction

311

(1)

11.2 Hormonal control of seed development

311

(8)

11.2.1 Developmental and physiological phases in seed development

312

(1)

11.2.2 Developmental regulators for seed development

313

(3)

11.2.3 Regulators of ABA responses in the seed

316

(1)

11.2.4 ABA and GA metabolism genes during seed development

317

(1)

11.2.5 Regulation of balancing ABA and GA levels during seed development

318

(1)

11.2.6 Regulation of ABA and GA action during seed development

319

(1)

11.3 Hormonal control of seed germination and post-germinative growth

319

(12)

11.3.1 Regulation of GA levels in imbibed seeds

319

(1)

11.3.1.1 Light-regulation of GA biosynthesis

320

(1)

11.3.1.2 Temperature-regulation of GA biosynthesis

321

(1)

11.3.1.3 GA response components in germinating seeds

322

(1)

11.3.2 Regulation of ABA levels in imbibed seeds

323

(1)

11.3.2.1 De novo ABA biosynthesis and catabolism are involved in regulation of ABA levels

323

(1)

11.3.2.2 Light, high temperature, and GA regulation of ABA metabolism

323

(1)

11.3.3 Sites of GA biosynthesis and response in imbibed seeds

324

(3)

11.3.4 GA and ABA action in the cereal aleurone

327

(1)

11.3.4.1 GA and ABA perception

327

(1)

11.3.4.2 Crosstalk between GA and ABA action

328

(1)

11.3.5 Other hormones: actions of ethylene and brassinosteroids during seed germination

329

(1)

11.3.5.1 Ethylene

329

(1)

11.3.5.2 Brassinosteroids

330

(1)

11.4 Conclusions and perspectives

331

(1)

References

331

(8)

Index

339

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Annual Plant Reviews, Plant Hormone Signaling

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Rent More, Save More! Use code: BBRENTAL

5% off 1 book, 7% off 2 books, 10% off 3+ books

Annual Plant Reviews, Plant Hormone Signaling

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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