Antarctic Climate Evolution

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ISBN: 9780444528476 | 0444528474
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/20/2008

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This is the first book dedicated to the developing knowledge on how the world's largest ice sheet formed and changed over its 34 million years history. In explaining the story of Antartica, information on terrestrial and marine geology, sedimentology, glacier geophysics (including airborne reconnaissance), shipborne geophysics, and numerical ice sheet and climate modelling, will be interwoven within eleven chapters, each deling with an important historical theme. The approach will be to first 'set the scene', involving chapters dedicated to how ice sheets and their glacial history can be measured. This opening section will provide information necessary to comprehend the latter section of the book, in which five chapters will related the glacial and climate evolution of Antartica during the most important time-frames in which changes have occurred. * An overview of antarctic climate change, analysing historical, present day and future developments * Contributions from leading experts and scholars from around the world * Informs and updates climate change scientists and experts in related areas of study

Preface	p. xi
Antarctic Climate Evolution	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Antarctic Glacial History	p. 4
Structure and Content of the Book	p. 9
References	p. 10
The International Polar Years: A History of Developments in Antarctic Climate Evolution	p. 13
Introduction	p. 13
The First International Polar Year (1882-1883)	p. 14
The Second International Polar Year (1932-1933)	p. 19
The Third International Polar Year/International Geophysical Year (1957-1958)	p. 22
The Fourth International Polar Year (2007-2008)	p. 27
References	p. 30
A History of Antarctic Cenozoic Glaciation - View from the Margin	p. 33
Introduction	p. 35
Mid-Twentieth Century Advances (1956-1972)	p. 38
First Antarctic Drilling (1972-1975)	p. 39
Developments in Drilling and Thinking in the Late 1970s	p. 46
Discoveries Offshore and on the Continent in the 1980s	p. 47
Advances in the 1990s	p. 53
Advances in the First Decade of the Twenty-First Century	p. 58
Future Prospects for Improving Knowledge of the History of the Antarctic Ice Sheet	p. 63
Acknowledgements	p. 69
References	p. 70
Circulation and Water Masses of the Southern Ocean: A Review	p. 85
Introduction	p. 86
Water Mass Formation and Dispersal	p. 88
Ocean Circulation	p. 97
Oceanographic Variability and Change	p. 103
Acknowledgements	p. 107
References	p. 108
Cenozoic Climate History from Seismic Reflection and Drilling Studies on the Antarctic Continental Margin	p. 115
Introduction	p. 116
Ross Sea (G. Brancolini and G. Leitchenkov)	p. 118
Wilkes Land (C. Escutia and P. O'Brien)	p. 127
Prydz Bay (P. O'Brien and G. Leitchenkov)	p. 135
Weddell Sea (Y. Kristoffersen and W. Jokat)	p. 144
Antarctic Peninsula (R. Larter)	p. 152
Other Sectors of the Antarctic Continental Margin	p. 161
Discussion	p. 162
Summary	p. 172
Acknowledgements	p. 174
References	p. 174
Numerical Modelling of the Antarctic Ice Sheet	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Ice-Sheet Processes	p. 236
Ice-Sheet Models	p. 238
Model Inputs	p. 241
EISMINT	p. 242
Comparing Ice-Sheet Models with Antarctic Glaciological Data	p. 245
Ice-Sheet Reconstructions	p. 249
Summary	p. 253
References	p. 254
The Antarctic Continent in Gondwanaland: A Tectonic Review and Potential Research Targets for Future Investigations	p. 257
Introduction	p. 258
The Present-Day Geotectonic Setting of Antarctica	p. 259
The Main Geological Units of Antarctica Before Gondwana Amalgamation	p. 261
Antarctica in the Gondwana Supercontinent	p. 265
Antarctic Record of Gondwana Break-Up and Dispersal of the Southern Hemisphere Continents	p. 276
Open Problems and Potential Research Themes for Future Geoscience Investigations in Antarctica	p. 287
Acknowledgements	p. 291
References	p. 292
From Greenhouse to Icehouse - The Eocene/Oligocene in Antarctica	p. 309
Introduction	p. 310
Climate Signals from the Sedimentary Record	p. 311
Climate Signals from the Terrestrial Realm - Fossil Plants and Palynomorphs	p. 325
Environmental Changes Documented by Marine Microfossils	p. 335
Evolution of Ocean Temperatures and Global Ice Volume During the Eocene to Oligocene from the Ocean Isotope Record	p. 342
Connection of CO[subscript 2] and Ice-Sheet Inception at the E/O Boundary - Computer Modelling	p. 344
Summary	p. 349
Acknowledgements	p. 351
References	p. 351
The Oligocene-Miocene Boundary - Antarctic Climate Response to Orbital Forcing	p. 369
Introduction	p. 370
Proxy Records	p. 374
Records from the Antarctic Margin	p. 379
Possible Drivers of Change Across the Oligocene-Miocene Boundary	p. 385
Summary and Conclusions	p. 392
References	p. 393
Middle Miocene to Pliocene History of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean	p. 401
Introduction	p. 402
East Antarctic Terrestrial Environments	p. 404
West Antarctic Terrestrial Environments	p. 417
The Marine Record of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet	p. 424
The Marine Record of the West Antarctic and Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheets	p. 429
Marine Records of the Southern Ocean	p. 433
Modelling Antarctic Climates and Ice Sheets	p. 437
Summary	p. 441
Acknowledgements	p. 446
References	p. 446
Late Pliocene-Pleistocene Antarctic Climate Variability at Orbital and Suborbital Scale: Ice Sheet, Ocean and Atmospheric Interactions	p. 465
Introduction	p. 467
Glacial Variability from the Continental Margin Geological Record	p. 469
Atmospheric Variability from Ice Cores	p. 479
Oceanic Variability from Southern Ocean Sediment Cores	p. 488
Modelling of Pleistocene Ice Volume Variations	p. 501
Synthesis: Antarctic Climate Evolution Since [tilde]3Ma	p. 509
Acknowledgements	p. 513
References	p. 514
Antarctica at the Last Glacial Maximum, Deglaciation and the Holocene	p. 531
Introduction	p. 532
Response of the Ice Sheets to Glacial Climate and Late Quaternary Ice-Sheet Reconstructions	p. 533
Geological Information	p. 535
Numerical Modelling Reconstructions	p. 550
Summary	p. 560
References	p. 561
Concluding Remarks: Recent Changes in Antarctica and Future Research	p. 571
References	p. 575
Subject Index	p. 577
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