Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean

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ISBN: 9780205380992 | 0205380999
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 9/30/2005

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The text provides broad and historically informed coverage of Latin American and Caribbean societies, their cultural and historical development, as well as the role of power and inequality in this development. Book jacket.

Acknowledgments and Thanks

xii

Preface

xiii

Analytical Approach

xiv

Strengths and Features

Organization and Themes

Anthropology, Latin America, and the Caribbean

(16)

Why Study the Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean?

(5)

Doing Cultural Anthropology and Documenting Everyday Life

(1)

Controversies: The Culture of Poverty and Perspectives on the Poor

(8)

Oscar Lewis and the ``Culture of Poverty''

(2)

Dying and Weeping in Brazilian Favelas

(5)

Summary

(1)

Issues and Questions

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

Introducing Latin America and the Caribbean

(33)

Delimiting and Imagining Latin America: Ideas, Spaces, and Places

(5)

Countries and Population

(2)

Migration and Cities

(1)

Languages

(2)

Landscapes, Culture, and Society

(1)

Major Landscapes

(15)

Structural Zones

(3)

Physiographic Regions

(1)

South America

(7)

Mexico

(3)

Central America

(1)

Caribbean

(1)

Landscape Transformations Before and After the Europeans

(2)

Controversies: Is the Culture Area Concept Still Useful?

(2)

Summary

(1)

Issues and Questions

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Endnotes

(1)

Society and Culture Before the Europeans

(26)

Anthropological Perspectives on the Evolution of Social Complexity

(2)

Phases in the Emergence of Societal Complexity in Latin America and the Caribbean

(13)

Paleo-Indian

(2)

Archaic

(6)

Formative

(2)

Horizon

(2)

The Inca and Aztec States

(5)

The Andean and Mesoamerican Highlands: Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries

(1)

The Inca and Aztec Expansions

(4)

Controversies: The Peopling of the Americas

(4)

Summary

(1)

Issues and Questions

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

(1)

Endnote

(1)

Conquest, Colonialism, and Resistance

(34)

The European Conquests

(9)

Voyages, Exploration, and Expenditions

(2)

How Did (and Could) It Happen?

(6)

The Columbian Exchange

(1)

The Colonial Period

(14)

Mechanisms of Rule

(1)

Encomiendas, Repartimientos, and Tribute

(1)

Reducciones

(1)

Expansion of the State Bureaucracy

(1)

Local Elites as Power and Cultural Brokers

(2)

Rituals and Ceremonies

(1)

Pillars of the Colonial Economy: Haciendas, Plantations, and Mines

(1)

Haciendas

(1)

Plantations and Slavery

(1)

Mines

(1)

Resisting the Colonial Order

(1)

Rebellions

(2)

Evasive, ``Everyday'' Forms of Resistance

(2)

Ethnogenesis

(3)

Colonial Legacies, Independence, and the Coalescence of Nation-States

102

(2)

Controversies: The Quincentennial, or Remembering Columbus

104

(3)

Summary

107

(1)

Issues and Questions

108

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

108

(1)

Endnotes

109

(1)

Cultural Politics of Race and Ethnicity

110

(36)

Racial Categories and Racial Fluidity in Latin America

110

(4)

Colonialism, Empire, and the Invention of Race

114

(11)

Marriage and Race in the Eighteenth Through Early Twentieth Centuries

115

(3)

Scientific Racisms of the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

118

(2)

Culture and Race

120

(2)

Decency, Hygiene, and Race

122

(3)

Mestizos and Mestizaje: Class, Race, and Nation

125

(5)

The Rise of Ethnicity and Ethnic Movements

130

(7)

Indian versus Indigenous

130

(2)

Ethnicity, Culture, and Class

132

(1)

Indigenous Movements and the Politics of Difference

133

(2)

Land, Ethnicity, and Indianness

135

(2)

Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Gender

137

(2)

Nationalism

137

(2)

Gender

139

(1)

Controversies: Intellectual Property Rights and Indigenous Peoples

139

(2)

In the United States: Race and Respect in the Streets of New York City

141

(3)

Summary

144

(1)

Issues and Questions

145

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

145

(1)

Cultural Constructions of Gender and Sexuality

146

(35)

Pre-European Gender Systems

146

(4)

Sexuality, Parallelism, and Complementarity

147

(1)

Gender and State Expansion

148

(2)

The Conquest and Colonial Period

150

(1)

Gender and the Consolidation of Nation-States

151

(1)

Femininity and Masculinity: Rethinking Marianismo and Machismo

152

(16)

Contesting Marianismo: Women and Gender in Revolutionary Settings

153

(1)

Cuba

153

(1)

Chile

154

(1)

Nicaragua

155

(1)

Contesting Marianismo: Sexuality and Female-Headed Households

156

(1)

Sexuality

156

(3)

Matrifocality: Female-Headed Households

159

(2)

Real ``Machos'' or Contingent Masculinities?

161

(4)

Contesting Machismo: Alcohol and Fatherhood

165

(1)

Alcohol

165

(1)

Fathering

165

(2)

Models of Behavior or Lived Experience?

167

(1)

Shifting Contours of Masculinity, Femininity, and Sexual Identities

168

(4)

Controversies: Gender, Masculinity, and Violence in Amazonian Societies

172

(4)

In the United States: Courtship, Sexuality, and Love Across the Border

176

(3)

Summary

179

(1)

Issues and Questions

180

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

180

(1)

Religion and Everyday Life

181

(33)

Popular Catholicism

181

(15)

Major Attributes of Popular Catholicism

183

(3)

Facets of Popular Catholicism

186

(1)

The Virgin Mary

186

(4)

Working with the Devil

190

(2)

Todos Santos: The Days of the Dead

192

(4)

The Spread of Protestantism

196

(5)

Maya Women in Mexico

197

(3)

Andean Villagers in Highland Ecuador

200

(1)

The African Heritage: Candomble, Santeria, and Vodou

201

(6)

Controversies: Mesoamerican Civil--Religious Cargo Systems

207

(4)

In the United States: Re-Creating Vodou in Brooklyn

211

(1)

Summary

212

(1)

Issues and Questions

213

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

213

(1)

Striving for Health and Coping with Illness

214

(36)

Medical Anthropology

214

(1)

The Poor Health of Latin America and the Caribbean

215

(14)

Mortality, Access to Biomedicine, and Malnutrition

215

(3)

Poverty, Inequality, and Disease

218

(2)

Tuberculosis

220

(4)

AIDS

224

(4)

Gender and Health

228

(1)

Folk Illnesses: Susto, Mal de Ojo, and Nervios

229

(3)

The Expressive and Healthy Body

232

(4)

Bodies, Communities, and Mountains in the Andes

233

(1)

Body and Knowledge in Lowland South America

234

(1)

Jamaican Bodies: Health, Sexuality, and Gender

234

(2)

Religion and Healing

236

(5)

Shamanism, Ritual Poetics, and Hallucinogenic Healing

236

(4)

Medicine and Religious Pluralism

240

(1)

Controversies: Marijuana and Coca, Health and Politics

241

(6)

Marijuana in Jamaica and Costa Rica

242

(3)

Coca in the Andes

245

(2)

In the United States: Susto and Mal de Ojo Among Florida Framworkers

247

(2)

Summary

249

(1)

Issues and Questions

249

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

249

(1)

Food, Cuisine, and Cultural Expression

250

(31)

Food and Culture

250

(4)

Historical and Cultural Sketch of Latin American Food

254

(6)

Food, Consumption, and Ritual

260

(4)

Guinea Pigs and Ritual in the Andes

260

(2)

Juthaa: Sharing Polluting Food in Trinidad

262

(2)

Communicating Gender and Sexuality Through Food

264

(6)

Highland Ecuador

265

(2)

Jamaica

267

(2)

Brazil

269

(1)

Cuisine, Cookbooks, and Nation-Building

270

(4)

Globalization and National Cuisine in Belize

270

(2)

Cookbooks, Tamales, and Mexican Nation-Building

272

(2)

Controversies: ``Hot'' and ``Cold'' Foods

274

(3)

In the United States: Tamales, Gender, and Survival

277

(2)

Summary

279

(1)

Issues and Questions

280

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

280

(1)

Endnotes

280

(1)

Perspectives on Globalization

281

(33)

Globalization

281

(2)

Tourism, Crafts, and Cultural Authenticity

283

(5)

In Search of the ``Authentic'' and the Timeless

284

(1)

Producing ``Ethnic'' Handicrafts

285

(3)

Transnational Production and Labor

288

(10)

The North American Free Trade Agreement

290

(2)

Transnational Migrants in the United States and Canada

292

(1)

Labor and Gender in Mexican and Guatemalan Maquilas

293

(4)

Lurking Danger on the Borderlands: Women, Maquilas, and Death

297

(1)

Global Interests and the Environment

298

(7)

Sustainable Development and Bioprospecting

299

(2)

Deforestation and Degradation

301

(2)

The Amazon

303

(1)

Central America

304

(1)

Controversies: Global Interests and Ethnographic Representations in the Amazon

305

(4)

In the United States: Domestic Workers in the Midst of Affluence

309

(3)

Summary

312

(1)

Issues and Questions

312

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

313

(1)

Endnote

313

(1)

Manifestations of Popular Culture

314

(37)

What Is Popular Culture?

314

(2)

Sports

316

(7)

Soccer

316

(1)

The Central American Soccer War

317

(1)

Nationalism, Masculinity, and Party Politics in Argentine Soccer

318

(1)

Popular Discontent and Soccer in Urban Chile

319

(1)

Baseball

320

(1)

The Dominician Republic

320

(2)

Cuba

322

(1)

Carnaval and Popular Celebrations

323

(9)

The Origins of Carnaval

323

(1)

Understanding Carnaval

324

(3)

Tourism and Violence in Brazilian Carnaval

327

(3)

Fertility, Community, and the Supernatural in Bolivian Carnaval

330

(2)

Music and Dance

332

(7)

Tango

332

(3)

Salsa

335

(2)

Reggae

337

(2)

Television and Telenovelas

339

(5)

Why Are Telenovelas so Popular?

340

(2)

The Cultural Impact of Telenovelas and Television Programming

342

(2)

Controversies: Tango and Sexuality

344

(3)

In the United States: Quinceaneras, Gender, and Tradition

347

(2)

Summary

349

(1)

Issues and Questions

350

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

350

(1)

Endnote

350

(1)

Violence, Memory, and Striving for a Just World

351

(35)

Violence and Memory

351

(2)

The Central American Civil Wars

353

(8)

Nicaragua and El Salvador

355

(1)

Nicaragua

355

(1)

El Salvador

356

(1)

Guatemala's Despotic State

357

(4)

Chile's Pinochet

361

(3)

Argentina's Dirty War

364

(4)

Colombia's Violencia

368

(3)

Mexico's Zapatistas

371

(3)

Peru's Shining Path

374

(4)

Controversies: Rigoberta Menchu, and the Politics of Memory and Culture

378

(3)

In the United States: Fleeing War and Reconstituting New Lives

381

(3)

Summary

384

(1)

Issues and Questions

385

(1)

Key Terms and Concepts

385

(1)

Bibliography

386

(31)

Glossary

417

(6)

Index

423

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Anthropology of Latin America and the Caribbean

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials