Anthropology and Modern Life

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ISBN: 9780765805355 | 0765805359
Cover: Nonspecific Binding
Copyright: 12/31/2003

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Anthropologist Franz Boas was a statwart fighter for human rights and against racism. He was passionately concerned about individual liberty, freedom of inquiry and speech, equality of opportunity, and the defeat of prejudice and chauvinism. His Anthropology and Modern Life shows how Boas uses science in the service of humanity, hoping to break down racial and cultural barriers.

TRANSACTION INTRODUCTION

PREFACE

(4)

I. WHAT IS ANTHROPOLOGY?

(7)

Anthropology treats of man as a member of a racial or social group - Pure and applied anthropology.

II. THE PROBLEM OF RACE

(45)

Significance of the term "Race" - Overlapping of racial types - Subjective existence of types - Racial heredity and family lines - Inbred and heterogeneous types - Attempts to determine constituent races of a population - Selection - Genetic differences between individuals of the same bodily form - Environmental influences upon bodily form - Summary - Races considered from an evolutionary viewpoint-Relation between the size of the brain and intelligence - Man as a domesticated form - Physiological and mental differences between races - Difficulty of distinguishing between hereditary and environmental conditions - Significance of intelligence tests - Tests of American Negroes - Relative importance of cultural experience and racial descent - Racial descent disregarded by ethnologists.

II. THE INTERRELATION OF RACES

(18)

Race consciousness - Open and closed societies - Race a type of closed society - Intermingling of races - Conditions under which race antipathies break down.

IV. NATIONALISM

(25)

Confusion between the terms "Race" and "Nationality" - Racial segregation within a nation - Mixed descent of European nations - Language as basis of national groupings - Nationality, political and cultural - Culture and political organization as basis of nationality - Fictitious groupings based on distant relation of speech - History of nationalism - Increase in size of political units - Early development of tribal units - The function of nationalism.

V. EUGENICS

106

(16)

Effects of selection - Effect of environment and heredity - General degeneracy - Selection for development of specific qualities - Social effects of eugenic legislation - Elimination of the unfit - Dangers of eugenic procedure.

VI. CRIMINOLOGY

122

(10)

Criminals as a class - Criminals as defectives - Social conditions and crime - Relative importance of hereditary and environmental factors.

VII. STABILITY OF CULTURE

132

(36)

Acceleration of cultural development - Periodicity of the rate of change - Automatic habits - Negative effect of automatism - Intolerance - Causes of conformity - Relation between material inventions and automatic habits - The relation between language and thought - Effect of uniformity of culture - The influence of individuals upon culture - Actions are more stable than their interpretations - Stability of patterns of thought.

VIII. EDUCATION

168

(34)

Phenomena of growth and development - Influence of heredity - Retardation and acceleration - Comparison of sexes - Application of generalized observations to the establishment of educational standards - Racial characteristics - Generalized standards are not applicable to individuals - Cases in which standards are applicable - Prediction of individual development - Cultural effects of education - Effect of education upon mental freedom - Conflicts in educational aims - Effect of education upon crises in the life of the individual - The cultural outlook of classes - Cultural outlook of educated class - Cultural outlook of the masses.

IX. MODERN LIFE AND PRIMITIVE CULTURE

202

(45)

Valuation of different cultural aims - Objective study must be based on different cultures - Anthropology an historic science - Primitive cultures as historic growths - General social laws - Prediction of development of culture impossible - Progress in inventions and knowledge - Effect of leisure - Stability of moral ideas - Progress in ethical behavior - Self-perfection - Progress in social organization - Leadership - Position of women - Marriage - Property - Geographic determinism - Economic determinism - Is the direction of cultural development predetermined? - Culture not superorganic.

AFTERWORD

247

(78)

REFERENCES

325

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Anthropology and Modern Life

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials