Antioxidant Food Supplements in Human Health

Note: Supplemental materials are not guaranteed with Rental or Used book purchases.

ISBN: 9780125435901 | 0125435908
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/17/1999

eBook

Available Instantly

Online: 1825 Days

Downloadable: Lifetime Access

$236.25

Antioxidant Food Supplements in Human Health discusses new discoveries in the areas of oxygen and nitric oxide metabolism and pathophysiology, redox regulation and cell signaling, and the identification of natural antioxidants and their mechanisms of action on free radicals and their role in health and disease. An essential resource for researchers, students, and professionals in food science and nutrition, gerontology, physiology, pharmacology, and related areas. Key Features * Health effects of antioxidant nutrients * Nutrients of vitamins C and E, selenium, alpha-lipoic acid, coenzyme Q10, carotenoids, and flavonoids * Natural source antioxidants, including pine bark, ginko biloba, wine, herbs,uyaku, and carica papaya

Contributors

xvii

(6)

Preface

xxiii

I Health Effects of Antioxidant Nutrients

(42)

1 Vitamin E and Lung Cancer Prevention

(32)

Paul Knekt

Introduction

(1)

Review of Studies

(23)

The Mobile Clinic Health Examination Survey

(3)

Conclusions and Further Research

(1)

References

(5)

2 Natural Antioxidants in the Protection against Cigarette Smoke Injury

(10)

Garry G. Duthie

Introduction

(1)

Smoking as an Oxidative Stress

(2)

Antioxidant Supplement of Smokers

(1)

Natural Phenolics and Smoking

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

References

(4)

II Nutrients

(266)

A. Vitamins C and E

3 Emerging Role of Nutrition in Chronic Disease Prevention: A Look at the Data, with an Emphasis on Vitamin C

(10)

Gladys Block

Introduction

(1)

Laboratory and Animal Data on Oxidation and Antioxidants

(2)

Epidemiologic Data on Antioxidants and Cancer

(2)

Intakes and Blood Levels

(1)

Discussion

(1)

References

(3)

4 Biological Activities of Tocotrienols and Tocopherols

(19)

Maret G. Traber

Elena A. Serbinova

Lester Packer

Introduction

(2)

Vitamin E Chemistry and Biologic Activity

(2)

Absorption, Transport, and Metabolism

(4)

Tissue Vitamin E

(4)

Conclusions and Implications

(1)

References

(7)

B. Vitamin E and Selenium

5 Effects of High Cholesterol, Vitamin E, and Probucol on Protein Kinase C Activity and Proliferation of Smooth Muscle Cells

(14)

Nesrin K. Ozer

Suzan Taha

Achim Stocker

Angelo Azzi

Introduction

(1)

Materials and Methods

(2)

Results

(4)

Discussion

(2)

References

(5)

6 A New Function for Selenoproteins: Peroxynitrite Reduction

(21)

Helmut Sies

Lars-Oliver Klotz

Victor S. Sharov

Annika Assmann

Karlis Briviba

Introduction

(1)

Materials and Methods

(1)

Results

(6)

Discussion

(4)

References

100

(9)

7 Selenium Peroxidases in Mammalian Testis

109

(2)

Matilde Maiorino

References

109

(2)

C. Alpha-Lipoic Acid

8 Alpha-Lipoic Acid: Cell Regulatory Function and Potential Therapeutic Implications

111

(10)

Chandan K. Sen

Sashwati Roy

Lester Packer

Introduction

111

(1)

The Lipoate-Dihydrolipoate Redox Cycle

112

(1)

Proglutathione Effect

112

(1)

Radical Scavenging

113

(1)

Antioxidant Defense Network

113

(1)

Cell Calcium and NF-kB

113

(2)

Glutamate Cytotoxicity

115

(1)

Apoptosis

116

(1)

Reductive Stress

116

(2)

Summary

118

(1)

References

118

(3)

9 Natural Sources of Lipoic Acid in Plant and Animal Tissues

121

(15)

John K. Lodge

Lester Packer

Introduction

121

(2)

Methods of Analysis

123

(2)

Results

125

(3)

Discussion

128

(4)

References

132

(4)

10 Determination of Protein-Bound Lipoic Acid in Tissues by the Enzyme Recycling Method

136

(7)

Tetsuya Konishi

Lester Packer

Introduction

136

(1)

Assay Procedure of Protein-Bound Lipoate

136

(1)

Determination of Lipoyllysine Levels in Tissue Samples

137

(1)

Discussion

138

(3)

References

141

(2)

D. Coenzyme Q10

11 Reaction of Ubiquinols with Nitric Oxide

143

(22)

Enrique Cadenas

Juan Jose Poderoso

Fernando Antunes

Alberto Boveris

Introduction

143

(1)

Redox Properties of Ubiquinols

144

(4)

Extramitochondrial Ubiquinol and Free Radicals

148

(4)

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Ubiquinol and Free Radicals

152

(5)

Concluding Remarks

157

(1)

References

158

(7)

12 Coenzyme-Q Redox Cycle as an Endogenous Antioxidant

165

(18)

Takeo Kishi

Takayuki Takahashi

Tadashi Okamoto

Introduction

165

(2)

Materials and Methods

167

(2)

Results

169

(7)

Discussion

176

(4)

References

180

(3)

E. Carotenoids

13 Carotenoids: Occurrence, Biochemical Activities, and Bioavailability

183

(20)

Wilhelm Stahl

Helmut Sies

Introduction

183

(1)

Occurrence of Carotenoids

184

(3)

Biochemical Activities of Carotenoids

187

(1)

Antioxidant Activity of Carotenoids

188

(4)

Carotenoid Effects on Gap Junctional Communication

192

(2)

Biokinetics of Carotenoids

194

(2)

References

196

(7)

14 Dietary Carotenoids and Their Metabolites as Potentially Useful Chemoprotective Agents against Cancer

203

(28)

Frederick Khachik

John S. Bertram

Mou-Tuan Huang

Jed W. Fahey

Paul Talalay

Introduction

203

(2)

Experimental Procedures

205

(2)

Separation of Optical Stereoisomers of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Human Plasma by HPLC

207

(4)

Dietary Carotenoids and Their Metabolites As Cancer Chemopreventive Agents

211

(14)

Conclusion

225

(2)

References

227

(4)

15 Cancer Prevention by Natural Carotenoids

231

(8)

H. Nishino

Alpha-Carotene

231

(2)

Lutein

233

(1)

Zeaxanthin

234

(1)

Lycopene

234

(1)

Beta-Cryptoxanthin

235

(1)

Phytoene

235

(3)

References

238

(1)

F. Flavonoids

16 Screening of Phenolics and Flavonoids for Antioxidant Activity

239

(16)

Catherine Rice-Evans

Introduction

239

(1)

Requisite Characteristics for Effective Antioxidants

240

(1)

Direct Reducing Properties Through Electron/H Donation

241

(2)

Transition Metal Chelation: Effective Chelation Versus Reducing Activities

243

(2)

Scavenging of Reactive Nitrogen Species

245

(3)

Interception of Chain Propagation by Scavenging Lipid Peroxyl Radicals

248

(3)

Summary

251

(1)

References

251

(4)

17 Dietary Flavonoids as Plasma Antioxidants on Lipid Peroxidation: Significance of Metabolic Conversion

255

(15)

Junji Terao

Introduction

255

(2)

Structure-Activity Relationship of Flavonoids in the Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation

257

(2)

Oxidative Modification of Plasma Lipoproteins and Its Inhibition by Flavonoids

259

(1)

Flavonoids in the Digestive Tract and Their Intestinal Absorption

260

(2)

Metabolic Conversion and Enterohepatic Circulation

262

(2)

Metabolites as Antioxidants in Blood Plasma

264

(2)

Conclusion

266

(1)

References

267

(3)

18 Flavonoids in Foods

270

(13)

Gary R. Beecher

Introduction

270

(2)

Flavonoid Content of Foods and Beverages

272

(7)

Dietary Intake of Flavonoids

279

(1)

Research Needs

279

(1)

References

280

(3)

19 Dietary Flavonoids and Interaction with Physiologic Antioxidants

283

(28)

Piergiorgio Pietta

Paolo Simonetti

Introduction

283

(1)

Flavonoid Occurrence in Foods and Beverages

284

(3)

Flavonoid Activities

287

(3)

Flavonol and Catechin Absorption and Metabolism

290

(5)

Radical-Scavenging and Antioxidant Capacity of Selected Flavonol and Catechin Metabolites

295

(2)

In Vivo Antioxidant Mechanism

297

(2)

Evidence of a Relationship Between Rate and Extent of Absorption and Modification of Plasma Antioxidant Status

299

(5)

Summary

304

(1)

References

305

(6)

III. Natural Source Antioxidants

311

(186)

A. Pine Bark

20 From Ancient Pine Bark Uses to Pycnogenol

311

(12)

G. Drehsen

Introduction

311

(1)

Ancient Pine Nomenclature

312

(1)

Climate Uniqueness of the French Maritime Pine

313

(1)

Traditional Pine Bark Uses

314

(3)

Pycnogenol

317

(3)

Summary

320

(1)

References

320

(3)

21 Procyanidins from Pinus maritima Bark: Antioxidant Activity, Effects on the Immune System, and Modulation of Nitrogen Monoxide Metabolism

323

(20)

F. Virgili

H. Kobuchi

Y. Noda

E. Cossins

L. Packer

Introduction

323

(1)

Pycnogenol

324

(2)

Pycnogenol as an Antioxidant

326

(7)

Pycnogenol and the Immune System

333

(1)

Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Physiology and Disease

333

(3)

Modulation of Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Macrophages by Pycnogenol

336

(3)

Future Studies and Possible Fields of Application of Pycnogenol

339

(1)

References

340

(3)

B. Ginkgo biloba

22 Antioxidant Properties of Ginkgo biloba Extract: EGb 761

343

(16)

Marie-Therese Droy-Lefaix

Lester Packer

Introduction

343

(1)

Radical-Scavenging Activities of Ginkgo biloba Extract

344

(1)

Biological Approach of Ginkgo biloba Extract

345

(2)

Ginkgo biloba Extract and Pathological Conditions

347

(4)

Ginkgo biloba Extract and Cardiovascular System

351

(1)

Conclusion

352

(1)

References

353

(6)

23 Downregulation of Agonist-Induced Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Cell-Cell Adhesion by Ginkgo biloba Extract EGb 761: Therapeutic Efficacy in Circulatory Disorders

359

(12)

Sashwati Roy

Hirotsugu Kobuchi

Chandan K. Sen

Marie-Therese Droy-Lefaix

Lester Packer

Introduction

359

(1)

Nitric Oxide Metabolism

360

(4)

Cell Adhesion

364

Therapeutic Potential

360

Summary

367

(1)

References

368

(3)

24 Reactive Oxygen Species Increase Neutrophil Adherence to Endothelial Cells and Activate Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Cytoskeleton Proteins

371

(14)

Alexia Gozin

Hassan Sellak

Elisabeth Franzini

Catherine Pasquier

Introduction

371

(2)

Implication of Adhesion Molecules in ROS-Stimulated Neutrophil Adherence

373

(2)

ROS Involved in PMN-Endothelial Cells Adhesion

375

(3)

Intracellular Mechanisms Involved in PMN Adhesion to ROS-Stimulated HUVEC

378

(2)

References

380

(5)

C. Wine and Herbs

25 Natural Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Impact on Health

385

(8)

Edwin N. Frankel

Introduction

385

(1)

Chemical and Biological Properties

386

(1)

Protective Role of Plant Flavonoids

387

(1)

Natural Phenolic Antioxidants

387

(3)

Conclusions

390

(1)

References

391

(2)

26 Antioxidants in Herbs: Polyphenols

393

(18)

Takuo Okuda

Introduction

393

(1)

Antioxidant Components Distributed Widely and Abundantly in Herbs

393

(1)

Volatile and Nonvolatile Components in Herbs

394

(2)

Polyphenols as Antioxidant Components in Herbs

396

(1)

Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids

397

(2)

Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Flavonoids and Tannins

399

(1)

Structure, Molecular Size, and Antioxidant Activity of Polyphenols

399

(4)

Reverse Activities of Antioxidants

403

(6)

Safety of Polyphonies in Food and Herbs

409

(1)

References

409

(2)

27 Mixed Japanese Herbs and Age-Related Neuronal Functions

411

(18)

Midori Hiramatsu

Makiko Komatsu

Introduction

411

(1)

Sho-Saiko-To-Go-Keishi-Ka-Shakuyaku-To

412

(4)

Toki-Shakuyaku-San

416

(4)

Hachimi-Jio-Gan

420

(1)

Cognitive Enhancement Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease

421

(1)

Conclusion

421

(4)

References

425

(4)

28 Actions of Tea Polyphenols in Oral Hygiene

429

(16)

Yukihiko Hara

Introduction

429

(1)

Tea Catechins and Theaflavins

429

(1)

Inhibition of Infectivity of Influenza Virus

430

(5)

Prevention of Dental Caries

435

(4)

Suppression of Bad Breath

439

(2)

Conclusion

441

(1)

References

442

(3)

29 The Food Industry and Functional Foods: Tea Antioxidants and Cardiovascular Disease

445

(16)

Sheila Wiseman

Ute Weisgerber

Lilian Tijburg

Onno Korver

Introduction

445

(1)

Composition of Tea

446

(2)

Epidemiology of Tea and Cardiovascular Disease

448

(1)

Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation and Protection by Tea Antioxidants

449

(5)

Tea and In Vivo Antioxidant Activity

454

(1)

Discussion

455

(2)

References

457

(4)

30 Antioxidant Properties of Crassostera gigas Oyster Extract

461

(11)

Toshikazu Yoshikawa

Yuji Naito

Yasunari Masui

Takaaki Fujii

Yoshio Boku

Norimasa Yoshida

Motoharu Kondo

Introduction

461

(1)

Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity of JCOE

462

(2)

Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging Activity of JCOE

464

(1)

Reactive Oxygen Species-Induced Cellular Injury

464

(3)

Conclusion

467

(1)

References

468

(4)

D. Uyaku and Carica papaya

31 Superoxide Radical Scavenging Activity of Uyaku (Lindera strychnifolia), a Natural Extract Used in Traditional Medicine

472

(9)

Yasuko Noda

Akitane Mori

Kazunori Anzai

Lester Packer

Introduction

472

(1)

Materials and Methods

472

(3)

Results

475

(1)

Discussion

476

(3)

References

479

(2)

32 Biological Effects of the Fermentation Product of Carica papaya (Bio-Normalizer)

481

(16)

Hirotsugu Kobuchi

Nobuya Haramaki

Lucia Marcocci

Lester Packer

Introduction

481

(1)

Antioxidant Property of Bio-Normalizer

482

(2)

Immunomodulating Activity of Bio-Normalizer

484

(10)

Summary

494

(1)

References

494

(3)

Index

497

Please wait while the item is added to your bag...

FREE SHIPPING

Amazon no longer offers textbook rentals. We do!

Antioxidant Food Supplements in Human Health

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials