Antioxidant and Redox Regulation of Genes

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ISBN: 9780126366709 | 0126366705
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 10/29/1999

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This volume addresses oxidant-reduction or redox and antioxidant sensitive molecular mechanisms and how they are implicated in different disease processes. Possible strategies to pharmacologically and/or nutritionally manipulate such redox-sensitive molecular responses are emphasized. Key Features: * Reactive species as intracellular messengers * Redox regulation of cellular responses * Clinical implications of redox signaling and antioxidant therapy

Contributors

Foreword

xxi

Luc Montagnier

Preface

xxiii

I Reactive Species as Intracellular Messengers

Signaling by Singlet Oxygen in Biological Systems

Lars-Oliver Klotz

Karlis Briviba

Helmut Sies

Singlet Oxygen in Biological Systems

(3)

Effects of Singlet Oxygen on Gene Expression

(1)

Comparison of Effects of Singlet Oxygen and Other Oxidants on the AP-1 Pathway

(2)

Induction of Transcription Factors by Singlet Oxygen: Mechanism

(12)

References

(7)

Redox Regulation of Gene Expression

Dana R. Crawford

Toshihide Suzuki

Kelvin J. A. Davies

Introduction

(1)

Methods of Analysis

(2)

Modulation of Nuclear Gene Expression

(4)

Modulation of Mitochondrial Gene Expression

(1)

Stable versus Transient Gene Expression

(2)

Modes of Regulation

(2)

Oxidant Stress-Related Pathologies

(4)

Concluding Remarks

(11)

References

(9)

Rac, Superoxide, and Signal Transduction

Hamdy H. Hassanian

Pascal J. Goldschmidt-Clermont

Introduction

(2)

Activation of Rac Proteins

(2)

Rac and Respiratory Burst in Phagocytes

(2)

Rac in Nonphagocytic Cells

(3)

Rac and ROS Production

(6)

Rac and the Cytoskeleton

(3)

Rac Gene in Development

(1)

Oxidative Burst in Plants

(14)

References

(12)

Redox Regulation of Ion Channels

Suneil K. Koliwad

Anna K. Brzezinska

Stephen J. Elliott

Ion Channels

(4)

The Patch Clamp

(2)

Redox Regulation of Ion Channels

(19)

References

101

(5)

Cell Ca2+ in Signal Transduction: Modulation in Oxidative Stress

Julio Giron-Calle

Henry Jay Forman

Ca2+ in Signal Transduction and Cell Death

106

(5)

Lethal Alterations of the Intracellular Ca2+ Concentration: Necrosis, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress

111

(3)

Modulation of Ca2+ Signaling by Oxidative Stress

114

(8)

Concluding Remarks

122

(7)

References

122

(7)

Induction of Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation by Oxidative Stress and Its Implications

Gray L. Schieven

Introduction

129

(1)

Tyrosine Phosphorylation Signal Pathways

130

(3)

Ionizing Radiation

133

(2)

Ultraviolet Radiation

135

(1)

Chemical Oxidants

136

(5)

Dimerization Hypothesis

141

(6)

References

142

(5)

Regulation of Signal Transduction and Gene Expression by Reactive Nitrogen Species

Ami A. Deora

Harry M. Lander

Introduction

147

(2)

Signal Transduction by Reactive Nitrogen Species

149

(14)

Gene Expression by Reactive Nitrogen Species

163

(18)

References

170

(11)

II Redox-Sensitive Molecular Processes and Cellular Responses

Reactive Oxygen Species as Costimulatory Signals of Cytokine-Induced NF-kB Activation Pathways

Patrick A. Baeuerle

Functions of Transcription Factor NF-kB

181

(3)

How TNF and IL-1 Activate NF-kB

184

(3)

NF-kB Activation by Prooxidant Conditions

187

(3)

Inhibitory Effect of Antioxidants and Redox-Regulating Proteins on NF-kB Activation by Cytokines

190

(1)

How Can Antioxidants and Enzymes Affect NF-kB Activation by Cytokines?

191

(4)

Why Should ROS Modulate Proinflammatory Cytokine Signaling?

195

(2)

Conclusion: ROS May Act as Costimulatory Signals

197

(6)

References

198

(5)

Redox Regulation of NF-kB

Takashi Okamoto

Toshifumi Tetsuka

Sinichi Yoshida

Takumi Kawabe

Introduction: Transcription Factor NF-kB and Its Biological Functions

203

(2)

Involvement of NF-kB in Various Pathologies

205

(2)

Signal Transduction Pathway to Activate NF-kB

207

(7)

Conclusion: Redox Regulation of NF-kB

214

(7)

References

215

(6)

Oxidants and Antioxidants in Apoptosis: Role of Bcl-2

Chandan K. Sen

Introduction

221

(1)

Induction of Apoptosis by Reactive Oxygen Species

222

(3)

Antiapoptotic Properties of Antioxidants

225

(3)

Proapoptotic Properties of Antioxidants

228

(1)

Bcl-2

229

(2)

Bcl-2 Functions via an Antioxidant Mechanism?

231

(5)

Summary

236

(9)

References

237

(8)

Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Tumor Necrosis Factor Toxicity

Vera Goossens

Kurt De Vos

Dominique Vercammen

Margino Steemans

Katia Vancompernolle

Walter Fiers

Peter Vandenabeele

Johan Grooten

Introduction

245

(3)

Reactive Oxygen Species as Mediators of Cell Death by TNF

248

(11)

Concluding Remarks

259

(7)

References

260

(6)

Redox Regulation of Cell Adhesion Processes

Sashwati Roy

Chandan K. Sen

Alexia Gozin

Valerie Andrieu

Catherine Pasquier

Introduction

266

(1)

Cell Adhesion Molecules

266

(4)

Multistep Model of Cell Adhesion

270

(1)

Direct Activation of Cell Adhesion Processes by Reactive Oxygen Species

271

(5)

Ionizing Radiations and Ultraviolet Radiation

276

(2)

Cigarette Smoke, Heavy Metals, and Other Oxidative Environmental Pollutants

278

(1)

Nitric Oxide

278

(1)

Antioxidant Regulation of Agonist-Induced Cell Adhesion Process

278

(5)

Cell Adhesion Processes and Pathologies with Redox Imbalances

283

(15)

References

287

(11)

Role of Thioredoxin and Redox Regulation in Oxidative Stress Response and Signaling

Hiroshi Masutani

Masaya Ueno

Shugo Ueda

Junji Yodoi

Introduction

298

(1)

Thioredoxin and Related Molecules

298

(1)

Thioredoxin Induction by Oxidative Stress

299

(1)

Cytoprotective Action of Thioredoxin

300

(1)

Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis

301

(1)

Redox Regulation of p53

302

(1)

Nuclear Translocation of Thioredoxin and Gene Regulation

303

(2)

Conclusion

305

(7)

References

305

(7)

Redox Regulation of p21, Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Cell Cycle Progression

Axel H. Schonthal

Sebastian Mueller

Enrique Cadenas

Introduction

312

(1)

p21 Expression and Cell Cycle Control

313

(3)

Induction of p21: p53-Dependent and-Independent Pathways

316

(2)

Role of Free Radicals in the Redox Regulation of p21

318

(12)

Concluding Remarks

330

(9)

References

331

(8)

III Clinical Implications of Redox Signaling and Antioxidant Therapy

Effects of Lipoxygenases on Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

Helena Viita

Seppo Yla-Herttuala

Introduction

339

(4)

Effects of Lipoxygenases on Gene Expression

343

(9)

Conclusions

352

(8)

References

352

(8)

α-Tocopherol in the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis: One Molecule, Several Functions

Angelo Azzi

Vitamin E as an Antioxidant

360

(3)

Vitamin E Function at the Level of Protein Kinase C: Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, Monocyte Adhesion, Thrombocyte Aggregation and Adhesion, and Neutrophil Activation

363

(2)

Consumption of Vitamin E and the Development of Atherosclerotic Modifications of the Arterial Wall

365

(9)

Other Nonantioxidant Properties or Effects of Vitamin E

374

(8)

References

374

(8)

Peroxiredoxins in Cell Signaling and HIV Infection

Dong-Yan Jin

Kaun-Teh Jeang

Peroxiredoxins: A Large Family of Antioxidant Enzymes

382

(9)

Peroxiredoxins: Structure and Function

391

(3)

Peroxiredoxins in Cell Signaling

394

(5)

Peroxiredoxins in HIV Infection

399

(1)

Future Directions

400

(10)

References

401

(9)

Enhanced Activity of an Oxidation Product of Lycopene Found in Tomato Products and Human Serum Relevant to Cancer Prevention

John S. Bertram

Timothy King

Laurie Fukishima

Frederick Khachik

Introduction

410

(1)

Materials and Methods

411

(2)

Results

413

(6)

Discussion

419

(6)

References

421

(4)

Antioxidant Genes and Reactive Oxygen Species in Down's Syndrome

Cecile Bladier

Judy B. de Haan

Ismail Kola

Introduction

425

(2)

Premature Aging

427

(5)

Alzheimer's Disease

432

(3)

Other Neuropathologies

435

(1)

Immunological Deficiency

436

(1)

Inflammation

437

(3)

Other Antioxidant Genes or Genes Regulated by an Altered Redox State on Chromosome 21

440

(1)

Conclusion

441

(11)

References

443

(9)

Oxidant-Mediated Repression of Mitochondrial DNA Transcription

Bruce S. Kristal

Byung P. Yu

Introduction

452

(1)

Mitochondrial Genome

453

(1)

mtDNA Expression and Replication

454

(3)

Mitochondria-Oxidant Interactions

457

(1)

Oxidant-Mediated Repression of mtDNA Transcription

458

(13)

Summary

471

(8)

References

472

(7)

Suppression of Insulin Gene Promoter Activity by Oxidative Stress

Yoshitaka Kajimoto

Yoshimitsu Yamasaki

Taka-aki Matsuoka

Hideaki Kaneto

Masatsugu Hori

Introduction

479

(3)

Chronic Hyperglycemia Induces Glycation Reaction in Pancreatic $ Cells

482

(1)

Cis-and Trans-Acting Factors Regulating Insulin Gene Transcription

482

(2)

Sensitivity of Insulin Gene Promoter to Glycation and Oxidative Stress

484

(1)

Glycation Reduces Insulin mRNA Amount and Insulin Content

485

(1)

Glycation-Dependent Reduction of DNA-Binding Activity of PDX-1

486

(2)

Conclusions

488

(4)

References

488

(4)

Redox Regulation of Ischemic Adaptation

Nilanjana Maulik

Dipak K. Das

Introduction

492

(1)

Redox Regulation of Ischemia-Reperfusion

493

(3)

Redox Regulation of Ischemic Adaptation

496

(7)

Activation of Multiple Transcription Factors

503

(2)

Programed Cell Death in Ischemia-Reperfusion

505

(2)

Ischemic Adaptation and Apoptosis

507

(1)

Summary and Conclusion

508

(9)

References

511

(6)

Oxidative Stress as a Governing Factor in Physiological Aging

William C. Orr

Rajindar S. Sohal

Introduction

517

(1)

Reformulation of the Oxidative Stress Hypothesis of Aging

518

(1)

Genetic Manipulations to Attenuate Oxidative Damage

519

(4)

Factors Affecting the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species

523

(1)

What Are the Targets of Oxidative Stress?

524

(3)

Concluding Remarks

527

(4)

References

527

(4)

Antioxidants in Senescence and Wasting

Wulf Droge

Volker Hack

Raoul Breitkreutz

Eggert Holm

Stefanie Holm

Ralf Kinscherf

Introduction: Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass and Muscle Function as a Correlate of Senescence and Wasting

531

(1)

Redox State as a Target for Therapeutic Intervention

532

(7)

What Determines the Plasma Cystine Level?

539

(6)

Diseases and Conditions Associated with Relatively Low Plasma Cystine Levels (Low CG Syndrome)

545

(4)

Plasma Glutamate and Intracellular Glutathione Levels

549

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

549

(8)

References

551

(6)

Index

557

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Antioxidant and Redox Regulation of Genes

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