Applied Physics

, by Sankaram, T. Bhima; Kumar, G. S.; Prasad, G.

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ISBN: 9781904798101 | 1904798101
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/30/2005

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This is an introductory book on electronic materials intended for students of Electronics, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering and Material Science. The importance of semiconductors, ferro and ferri magnetic, dielectric and ferroelectric materials in modern electronic engineering is reflected by the large number of rapidly growing research and development establishments in these fields. All electrical and electronic devices employ the above materials in one form or other. Therefore, the basic understanding of the natural behaviour of the material is a prerequisite for students in Engineering and Technology. With the developments in electronic and electrical industry, there is a greater responsibility on the shoulders of the engineers and physicists to work on basics more elaborately and intuitively. The fabrication of devices requires a thorough understanding of physical concepts involved in the fundamental properties of the materials.

UNIT I

CHAPTER 1 Chemical Bonding and Crystal Structure

(52)

1.1 Introduction Chemical Bonding in Solids

(1)

1.2 Interatomic Forces

(2)

1.3 Ionic Bond

(2)

1.4 Lattice Energy in Ionic Solids

(2)

1.5 Ionic Radii and Coordination Number

(3)

1.6 Madelung Constant

(3)

1.7 Born Repulsive Exponent

(3)

1.8 The Born - Haber Process

(1)

1.9 Properties of Ionic Crystals

(1)

1.10 Covalent Bond and Covalent Crystals

(2)

1.11 Metallic Bonding

(1)

1.12 Introduction

(3)

1.13 Space Lattice

(2)

1.14 Two-dimensional Lattice

(3)

1.15 Three-Dimensional Lattice or Space Lattice or Bravais Lattices

(2)

1.16 Crystal Systems Cubic

(1)

1.17 FEE Structure

(5)

1.18 BCC Structure

(2)

1.19 Simple Cubic Structure

(1)

1.20 Ionic and Covalent Cubic Structures

(1)

1.21 Diamond Structure

(3)

1.22 Zince Blende Structure

(1)

1.23 Sodium Chloride (Rock Salt) Structure

(2)

1.24 CsCl Structure

(5)

UNIT II

CHAPTER 2

A. Crystal Defects

(36)

2.1 Direction in Crystals

(5)

2.2 Crystal Planes and Miller Indices

(6)

2.3 Inter Planar Distance

(2)

2.4 Imperfections in Crystals

(5)

2.4.1 Defects in Crystals

(1)

2.4.2 Equilibrium Concentrations of Vacancies in Metals

(2)

2.4.3 Frenkel Defects

(2)

2.5 Ionic crystals

(3)

2.5.1 Vacancies

(2)

2.5.2 Frenkel Defects in Ionic Crystals

(1)

2.6 Impurities

(1)

2.7 Study of existence of points defects in crystals

(1)

2.8 Line defects

(13)

2.8.1 Theoretical Shear Stress

(2)

2.8.2 Edge Dislocation

(2)

2.8.3 Screw Dislocation

(1)

2.8.4 Burger's Circuit and Burgers Vector

(1)

2.8.5 Energy of a dislocation

(2)

2.8.6 Two dimensional Defects

(6)

B. Principles of X-Ray Diffraction Methods

(27)

2.9 X-ray Diffraction

(4)

2.9.1 Bragg Law

(3)

2.9.2 Order of Reflection

(1)

2.10 Laue Equations for X-ray Diffraction

(3)

2.11 Methods of X-ray Diffraction

(2)

2.12 X-ray Sources

(1)

2.13 Lane Method

(4)

2.14 Powder Method

103

(5)

2.15 Difference in the Diffraction Pattern of fcc and bcc Crystals

108

(3)

2.16 X-Ray Diffractometer

111

(1)

2.17 Rotating Crystal Method

112

(4)

UNIT III

CHAPTER 3 Principles of Quantum Mechanics

116

(33)

3.1 Introduction

116

(1)

3.2 de Broglie Hypothesis of Wave-Particle

117

(2)

3.3 Characteristics of de Broglie Waves

119

(1)

3.4 Wave Groups of Wave Packet Concept

120

(6)

3.5 Davisson and Gentler Experiment

126

(2)

3.6 G.P. Thomson Experiment

128

(2)

3.7 Schrodinger Wave Equation

130

(1)

3.8 Time - Dependent Schrodinger Equation

131

(2)

3.9 Time - Independent Schrodinger Equation

133

(5)

3.10 Uncertainly Principle

138

(3)

3.11 Application of Schrodinger Wave Equation

141

(8)

CHAPTER 4 Electron Theory of Metals

149

(46)

4.1 Introduction

149

(1)

4.2 Classical Free Electron Model

150

(8)

4.3 Sommerfeld's Quantum Theory

158

(2)

4.4 Free-Electron Gas in One-Dimensional Box

160

(2)

4.5 Free Electron Gas in a Three-Dimensional Box

162

(2)

4.6 Energy Levels and Fermi-Dirac Distribution

164

(2)

4.7 Density of States

166

(1)

4.8 Electrical Conduction

166

(4)

4.9 Temperature Dependance of Electrical Resistivity

170

(1)

4.10 Impurity Scattering Phenomena Electrical Resistivity

170

(2)

4.11 Scattering due to Phonons-Electrical Resistivity

172

(4)

4.12 Hall Effect

176

(3)

4.13 Introduction Band Theory of Solids

179

(1)

4.14 Energy Band Formation

180

(2)

4.15 The Kronig - Penny Model

182

(5)

4.16 Number of Possible Wave Functions Per Band

187

(1)

4.17 Velocity of Electrons and Effective Mass

188

(2)

4.18 Metals, Insulators and Semiconductors

190

(5)

UNIT IV

CHAPTER 5 Dielectric Properties of Solids

195

(56)

5.1 Introduction

195

(1)

5.2 Dielectric Medium between the plates of a capacitor

196

(2)

5.3 Atomic View of a Dielectric Polarization

198

(1)

5.4 Electric Flux Density, Electrical fields and Polarization in a Dielectric Medium

199

(2)

5.5 Polar and non-polar dielectrics

201

(2)

5.6 Polarizability (Electronic, ionic and Orientation)

203

(1)

5.7 Local field in a dielectric media classius - Mossotti Equation

204

(4)

5.8 Electronic Polarisability

208

(2)

5.9 Ionic Polarization

210

(2)

5.10 Orientation Polarization

212

(4)

5.11 Behaviour of dielectric in alternating fields

216

(11)

5.11.1 Frequency dependence of electronic polarizability

217

(5)

5.11.2 Ionic Polarizability

222

(1)

5.11.3 Dielectric Relaxation and Dielectric Loss

222

(5)

5.12 Piezoclectricity and Ferroelectricity

227

(6)

5.12.1 Introduction

227

(1)

5.12.2 Piezoelectricity

228

(5)

5.13 Ferroelectricity

233

(3)

5.14 Ferroelectric Materials

236

(3)

5.15 Piezoelectric Materials

239

(1)

5.16 Applications

240

(4)

5.17 Dielectric as Insulators and Capacitors

244

(7)

CHAPTER 6 Magnetic Properties

251

(53)

6.1 Introduction

251

(6)

6.2 Magnetic properties of atoms Bohrmagneton

257

(3)

6.3 The external magnetic fields and a magnetic material

260

(2)

6.4 Diamagnetism

262

(3)

6.5 Paramagnetism

265

(4)

6.6 Ferromagnetism

269

(19)

6.6.1 The characteristics associated with Ferromagnetism

269

(2)

6.6.2 Molecular field-Weiss domain model

271

(2)

6.6.3 Temperature dependence of spontaneous magnetization

273

(3)

6.6.4 Curie-Weiss Law

276

(1)

6.6.5 Exchange Energy

277

(2)

6.6.6 Hysteresis Loop

279

(3)

6.6.7 Domains and magnetization

282

(2)

6.6.8 Magneto crystalline Anisotropy

284

(1)

6.6.9 Magnetostriction

285

(1)

6.6.10 Application of ferromagnetic materials

286

(2)

6.7 Antiferromagnetism

288

(2)

6.8 Ferrimagnetism Ferrites

290

(14)

6.8.1 Structure of Ferrites

291

(4)

6.8.2 Characteristics of Ferrites

295

(9)

UNIT V

CHAPTER 7 Semiconductors and Devices

304

(44)

7.1 Introduction

304

(1)

7.2 Fermi Energy

305

(2)

7.2.1 Electron and Hole Densities

306

(1)

7.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors

307

(4)

7.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors

311

(3)

7.5 Carrier density in extrinsic semiconductors Condition of charge neutrality

314

(4)

7.6 Recombination

318

(1)

7.7 Surface Recombination

319

(1)

7.8 Drift and Diffusion in Semiconductors

320

(2)

7.9 Carrier Scattering

322

(2)

7.9.1 Scattering due to lattice defects

322

(1)

7.9.2 Scattering by Ionized Impurity Ions

323

(1)

7.10 Drift Currents

324

(2)

7.11 Diffusion Currents

326

(1)

7.12 Junction Diode

327

(6)

7.13 Volt-ampere characteristics of pn junction diode

333

(5)

7.14 Direct and Indirect Band-Gap Semiconductors

338

(10)

CHAPTER 8 Super Conductivity

348

(36)

8.1 Introduction

348

(1)

8.2 The Properties of Superconductors

349

(15)

8.2.1 Electrical Resistivity

349

(3)

8.2.2 The Magnetic Properties Meissner Effect

352

(6)

8.2.3 Thermal Properties

358

(2)

8.2.4 Isotope effect

360

(1)

8.2.5 London penetration depth

361

(3)

8.3 Superconductors and Type II Superconductors

364

(2)

8.3.1 Type I Superconductors

364

(1)

8.3.2 Type II Superconductors

364

(2)

8.4 Flux Quantization

366

(2)

8.5 BCS Theory

368

(4)

8.6 Application of superconductors

372

(5)

8.7 High Tc Superconductors

377

(7)

UNIT VI

Chapter 9 Lasers

384

(23)

9.1 Introduction

384

(2)

9.2 Principle of Laser Emission

386

(2)

9.2.1 Emission of radiation

386

(1)

9.2.2 Population Inversion

387

(1)

9.3 Einstein Coefficients

388

(2)

9.4 Light Amplification and laser oscillations

390

(3)

9.4.1 Amplification

390

(2)

9.4.2 Laser Oscillations

392

(1)

9.5 Properties of a laser light

393

(2)

9.5.1 Coherence and Monochromaticity

393

(1)

9.5.2 Directionality

394

(1)

9.5.3 Speckle nature

394

(1)

9.6 Methods for producing Populations Invention

395

(1)

9.7 Gas Laser He-Ne Laser

396

(2)

9.7.1 Working of He-Ne Laser

396

(1)

9.7.2 Applications of He-Ne Lasers

397

(1)

9.7.3 Other gas Lasers

398

(1)

9.8 Semiconductor Lasers

398

(5)

9.8.1 Working of a Semiconductor Laser

399

(2)

9.8.2 Comparison of Laser and LED

401

(2)

9.8.3 Applications of Semiconductors Lasers

403

(1)

9.9 Solid State Laser - Ruby Laser

403

(4)

CHAPTER 10 Fiber Optics

407

(18)

10.1 Introduction

407

(1)

10.1.1 Structure of the Optical Fibers

408

(1)

10.2 Principle of Optical Fibers

408

(3)

10.2.1 Total Internal Reflection

408

(1)

10.2.2 Acceptance Angle

409

(1)

10.2.3 Numerical Aperture

410

(1)

10.3 Modes Optical Fibers

411

(2)

10.4 Step Index Fiber

413

(1)

10.5 Graded Index Fibers

414

(2)

10.6 Mode Coupling

416

(1)

10.7 Preparation of Fibers

416

(2)

10.8 Fiber Packing

418

(1)

10.9 Losses in Optical Fibers

419

(1)

10.10 Applications of Optical Fibers

420

(5)

Appendices

425

(26)

Tables

451

(3)

Index

454

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Applied Physics

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