Applied Urban Ecology A Global Framework

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ISBN: 9781444333398 | 1444333399
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 11/14/2011

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Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework explores ways in which the environmental quality of urban areas can be improved starting with existing environmental conditions and their dynamics. Written by an internationally renowned selection of scientists and practitioners, the book covers a broad range of established and novel approaches to applied urban ecology. Approaches chosen for the book are placed in the context of issues such as climate change, green- and open-space development, flood-risk assessment, threats to urban biodiversity, and increasing environmental pollution (especially in the "megacities" of newly industrialized countries). All topics covered were chosen because they are socially and socio-politically relevant today. Further topics covered include sustainable energy and budget management, urban water resource management, urban land management, and urban landscape planning and design. Throughout the book, concepts and methods are illustrated using case studies from around the world. A closing synopsis draws conclusions on how the findings of urban ecological research can be used in strategic urban management in the future. Applied Urban Ecology: A Global Framework is an advanced textbook for students, researchers and experienced practitioners in urban ecology and urban environmental research, planning, and practice.

List of contributors	p. xi
Foreword	p. xiii
Introduction	p. 1
Urban ecology - brief history and present challenges	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
Brief history	p. 3
Initials in urban natural history	p. 3
Socioecological tradition	p. 4
Complex bioecological tradition	p. 4
Ecosystem-related tradition	p. 4
Recent and present challenges	p. 5
Purpose and structure of the book	p. 7
Purpose of the book	p. 7
Structure of the book	p. 8
References	p. 9
Urban Ecology: Rela Ted Disciplines and Methods	p. 3
Thematic-methodical approaches to applied urban ecology	p. 15
Monitoring urban land use changes with remote sensing techniques	p. 18
Land use changes and their consequences for urban ecology	p. 18
Urban remote sensing (URS) and geographical information systems (GIS) for research in urban ecology	p. 19
Measuring physical characteristics of urban areas with remote sensing technology	p. 21
Effects of urban form on natural and man-made hazards	p. 21
Urban dynamics and ecosystem function	p. 23
Global initiatives to measure urban expansion and land use change	p. 24
Global Urban Observatory of UN-HABITAT	p. 24
"The Dynamics of Global Urban Expansion" - a contribution by the World Bank	p. 24
Socioeconomic data and applications Center (SEE)AC) at the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN), Columbia University, New York,; USA	p. 25
The " 100 Cities Project'', Arizona State University, USA	p. 26
Regional urban monitoring activities	p. 26
Europe: Espon, Moland and the Urban Atlas	p. 26
Governmental research projects on urban growth in the United States	p. 29
Synthesis and outlook	p. 29
References	p. 30
Selected Fields of Urban Ecology A. Pathways of the Ecosystem Approach	p. 33
Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and ecological effects of urbanization: a multiscale landscape approach	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Characterizing the spatiotemporal pattern of urbanization	p. 36
Quantifying urbanization patterns with landscape metrics	p. 36
Other methods for quantifying urban landscape pattern	p. 39
Effects of scale on the analysis of urban landscape patterns	p. 39
Examples from CAP-LTER	p. 40
Simulating spatiotemporal dynamics of urbanization	p. 41
Importance of simulation models in urban studies	p. 41
Approaches to simulating urban dynamics	p. 41
xamples from CAP-LTER	p. 42
Effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem processes: examples from CAP-LTER	p. 43
Effects of urbanization on biodiversity	p. 43
Effects of urbanization on soil biogeochemical patterns	p. 44
Effects of urbanization on net primary production	p. 45
Effects of urbanization on vegetation phenology	p. 45
Urban heat islands and ecological effects	p. 46
Ecosystem responses to urbanization-induced environmental changes	p. 46
Concluding remarks	p. 47
Acknowledgments	p. 49
References	p. 49
Designing urban systems: ecological strategies with stocks and flows of energy and material	p. 54
The challenge of a new urbanity	p. 54
Urban systems and their resource management	p. 56
Methodology applied investigating resource management of complex systems	p. 56
Relevant differences between agrarian and urban systems on a regional scale	p. 56
The resource management perspectives on a global scale	p. 58
The essential mass resources in the development of urban regions	p. 59
Strategies of reconstruction	p. 60
The 2000 watt society	p. 60
Transformation of urban regions in a "time of safe practice"	p. 61
The exploration of urban stocks	p. 61
Developing strategies for the design of urban systems	p. 63
References	p. 65
Socioenvironmental Threats
Environmental and ecological threats in Indian mega-cities	p. 66
Urbanization dynamics and emergence of mega-cities	p. 66
Environmental threats	p. 68
Environmental threats from waste water and sewerage disposal	p. 68
Deteriorating air quality	p. 69
Urban waste mismanagement and environmental degradation	p. 71
Ecosystem damages and ecological footprints	p. 72
Threats from natural hazards, disasters, and climate change	p. 73
Mega-social challenges	p. 74
Poverty and fragmentation	p. 75
Rising vulnerabilities and insecurities	p. 76
Inequities and inequalities in urban services	p. 77
Concluding remarks	p. 78
Acknowledgments	p. 80
References	p. 80
From wasteland to wilderness - aspects of a new form of urban nature	p. 82
Introduction	p. 82
Urban wilderness - some attempts at defining the term	p. 83
Wastelands, as a source of urban wilderness	p. 83
Urban wilderness in planning	p. 85
On the ecology of urban wilderness	p. 86
Urban wilderness in a social context	p. 87
Educational value of urban wilderness	p. 89
Conclusions	p. 90
References	p. 91
Flooding and Climate Adaptation
Multiscale flood risk assessment in urban areas - a geoinformatics approach	p. 93
Introduction	p. 93
Flood risk in the context of urban ecology	p. 94
Comprehensive flood risk assessment - Naga City, the Philippines	p. 96
Floods in Naga	p. 96
Naga's flood management practices	p. 97
Model-based flood scenario studies	p. 97
Linking flood modeling with disaster management	p. 98
Naga as example for other flood-prone cities	p. 99
The role of remote sensing in flood risk assessment and management	p. 99
Quasistatic hazard data	p. 100
Dynamic hazard data	p. 101
Mapping elements at risk	p. 102
Disaster risk in the context of urban ecology - an outlook	p. 104
References	p. 104
Urban open spaces and adaptation to climate change	p. 106
Cities, climate change and the role of open spaces	p. 106
Outdoor comfort	p. 107
Use of space	p. 108
Seasonal profile	p. 108
Diurnal profile	p. 108
Thermal perception	p. 111
Adaptation	p. 113
Physical adaptation	p. 113
Psychological adaptation	p. 113
Design interventions	p. 116
Materials	p. 117
Vegetation	p. 118
Shading	p. 118
Water	p. 119
Other measures	p. 119
Conclusions	p. 120
References	p. 121
Urban Biodiversity
Social aspects of urban ecology in developing countries, with an emphasis on urban domestic gardens	p. 123
Introduction	p. 123
Social benefits and human perceptions of urban green areas	p. 124
Consequences of socioeconomic aspects on the urban green infrastmcture	p. 125
Urban domestic gardens	p. 126
Literature review	p. 126
Case studies from the North-West Province, South Africa	p. 128
Conclusions	p. 133
References, 135
Plant material for urban landscapes in the era of globalization: roots, challenges and innovative solutions	p. 139
Introduction	p. 139
The beginning of plant material globalization	p. 139
Victorian Gardenesque (1820-1880)	p. 140
Influence of the Victorian garden on the global planting pattern	p. 142
Victorian tropical and subtropical paradise	p. 143
Modern nurseries' direction: global pool of
	p. 145
Innovative solutions: searching for new ecological planting design	p. 148
Europe: United Kingdom	p. 148
Europe: The Netherlands	p. 148
Europe: Germany	p. 148
United States	p. 149
New Zealand: modem approach to planting design	p. 149
Discussion and conclusion	p. 150
Acknowledgments	p. 150
References	p. 150
Environmental Urban Design
Ecological infrastructure leads the way: the negative approach and landscape urbanism for smart preservation and smart growth	p. 152
Introduction	p. 152
Urbanization in China challenges survival	p. 152
The failure of the conventional approach in urban development planning	p. 153
Green infrastructure leads the way: the negative approach and landscape urbanism	p. 154
The negative approach: methodology	p. 158
Process analysis	p. 158
Defining landscape security patterns	p. 159
Defining ecological infrastructure	p. 159
Defining urban form at the large scale: urban growth alternatives based on regional EI	p. 159
Defining urban form at the intermediate scale: urban open spaces system based on EI	p. 159
Defining urban form at the small scale: site-specific urban development alternatives based on EI	p. 159
Urban growth based on EI: a case of negative planning for Taizhou City	p. 159
Critical landscape processes	p. 161
Defining landscape security patterns for the targeted processes	p. 162
Defining ecological infrastructure	p. 164
Scenarios of urban growth pattern based on the regional ecological infrastructure	p. 164
Shaping urban form at the intermediate scale	p. 165
Shaping urban land development at the small scale	p. 165
Conclusion	p. 165
References	p. 166
Integrating science and creativity for landscape planning and design of urban areas	p. 170
Introduction	p. 170
Landscape planning as a legally based contribution to sustainable development in Germany	p. 171
Taste of landscape planning	p. 171
Methodologies of landscape planning	p. 172
Landscape design as a creative cultural action	p. 173
Tasks of landscape design	p. 173
Methodologies of landscape design	p. 174
Linking landscape planning and design: differences, interfaces and potential synergies	p. 175
A matter of timeline and scale: linking multidimensional perspectives on strategic landscape development	p. 175
A matter of perception and meanpg: linking environmental goals and cultural concepts	p. 176
A matter of process and learning: linking management and experimentation to achieve adaptive landscape development	p. 178
A matter of involvement and experience: linking information and participation	p. 181
Conclusion	p. 182
Acknowledgment	p. 183
References	p. 183
Landscape as a living system: Shanghai 2010 Expo Houtan Park,	p. 186
Introduction	p. 186
Objective	p. 186
Challenges	p. 186
Pollution	p. 186
Flooding	p. 186
Circulation	p. 187
Transformation	p. 187
Identity	p. 187
Form!	p. 188
Design concept! and strategy: a living system,	p. 188
Ecological landscape,	p. 189
Three dimensions of meanings	p. 190
Experience network	p. 191
Conclusions	p. 192
Environmental Urban Politics
Geographical perspectives on a r political ecology of water	p. 193
Introduction	p. 193
The urbanization of nature	p. 194
Urban political ecologies of water	p. 195
Privatization questions	p. 196
Taking the debates forward	p. 199
Infrastructures of power: democratizing water technologies	p. 199
The everyday	p. 201
Conclusions	p. 202
References	p. 202
Synthesis	p. 205
Synthesizing urban ecology research and topics for urban environmental management	p. 207
Index	p. 213
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Applied Urban Ecology A Global Framework

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