Approaches to Discourse Language as Social

This is a guide to the various frameworks, concepts, and methods available for the analysis of discourse within linguistics. It compares six dominant approaches to discourse analysis: speech act theory, pragmatics, ethnomethodology, interactional sociolinguistics, ethnography of communication, and variation theory. The author not only considers each approach from several standpoints but she also illustrates them through extensive applications to a variety of concrete social and linguistic problems facing discourse analysts.

Deborah Schiffrin is Associate Professor of Linguistics at Georgetown University. She is author of Discourse Markers (1987).

Preface and Acknowledgments

viii

PART I THE SCOPE OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

1

(44)

1 Overview

5

(15)

1 Introduction

5

(1)

2 "Core" examples from different approaches to discourse

6

(6)

3 Plan of the book

12

(8)

2 Definitions of Discourse

20

(25)

1 Introduction

20

(1)

2 Formal and functionalist paradigms

20

(3)

3 Discourse: language above the sentence

23

(8)

4 Discourse: language use

31

(8)

5 Discourse: utterances

39

(2)

6 Summary: definitions, issues, and discourse analysis

41

(4)

PART II APPROACHES TO DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

45

(290)

3 Speech Act Theory

49

(48)

1 Introduction

49

(1)

2 Defining speech act theory

49

(12)

3 Sample analysis: questions, requests, offers

61

(28)

4 Speech act theory as an approach to discourse

89

(2)

Exercises

91

(6)

4 Interactional Sociolinguistics

97

(40)

1 Introduction

97

(1)

2 Defining interactional sociolinguistics

98

(8)

3 Sample analysis: "speaking for another"

106

(27)

4 Interactional sociolinguistics as an approach to discourse

133

(1)

Exercises

134

(3)

5 The Ethnography of Communication

137

(53)

1 Introduction

137

(1)

2 Defining the ethnography of communication

137

(7)

3 Sample analysis: questions as speech acts in speech events

144

(41)

4 An ethnographic approach to discourse

185

(1)

Exercises

186

(4)

6 Pragmatics

190

(42)

1 Introduction

190

(1)

2 Defining pragmatics

191

(6)

3 Referring terms: pragmatic processes in discourse

197

(6)

4 Sample analysis: referring sequences in narrative

203

(23)

5 Gricean pragmatics as an approach to discourse

226

(2)

Exercises

228

(4)

7 Conversation Analysis

232

(50)

1 Introduction

232

(1)

2 Defining conversation analysis

233

(6)

3 Sample analysis: "there + BE + ITEM"

239

(34)

4 Conversation analysis as an approach to discourse

273

(6)

Exercises

279

(3)

8 Variation Analysis

282

(53)

1 Introduction

282

(1)

2 Defining variation analysis

283

(8)

3 Sample analysis: the "list" as text

291

(39)

4 The variationist approach to discourse

330

(3)

Exercises

333

(2)

PART III CONCLUSION

335

(85)

9 Structure and Function

339

(23)

1 Introduction

339

(1)

2 Structure and function in discourse analysis

339

(14)

3 Comparisons among approaches: from utterance to discourse

353

(6)

4 Conclusion

359

(3)

10 Text and Context

362

(24)

1 Introduction

362

(3)

2 What is context?

365

(13)

3 What is text?

378

(5)

4 Conclusion

383

(3)

11 Discourse and Communication

386

(20)

1 Introduction

386

(1)

2 Aspects of communication

387

(4)

3 Discourse analysis and models of communication

391

(14)

4 Summary

405

(1)

12 Conclusion: Language as Social Interaction

406

(14)

1 Introduction

406

(1)

2 Starting points: differences among approaches

406

(8)

3 Principles of discourse analysis: language as social interaction

414

(4)

4 At the borders of different disciplines

418

(2)

Appendix 1 Collecting Data

420

(2)

Appendix 2 Transcription Conventions

422

(12)

Appendix 3 Sample Data

434

(5)

Bibliography

439

(20)

Index

459

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Approaches to Discourse Language as Social Interaction

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials