The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Policy: The

The US foreign policy stance on Israel-Palestine has shifted considerably in recent years, from a position of "Israel only" to one which embraces both Israel and Palestine in a call for peace. This volume assesses why the US stance has evolved in the way that it has, concluding that while international factors cannot be overlooked, developments within the United States itself are also crucial. After years of vacillating on Palestinian national aspirations, the majority of Americans, the author notes, have come to favor the establishment of an independent Palestinian state on the West Bank and the Gaza strip. Considering what accounts for changes in US policy on Israel-Palestine, this volume: delivers a thorough assessment of the role of international and domestic factors in shaping US policy in this area considers how US policy has evolved from the Camp David negotiations of the 1970s up to the occupation of Iraq in the mid 2000s explores the significance of American public opinion and the pro-Israel and Arab lobbies in the evolution of US policy The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Policy will be of interest to students and scholars of Foreign Policy and Political Science, Current Affairs and American Studies. Khalil M. Marrar is Professor at DePaul University, USA. He has served in editorial positions at the Arab Studies Quarterly and the Association of Arab-American University Graduates.

Preface	p. xii
List of abbreviations	p. xvi
US foreign policy and the two-state solution	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Why two states?	p. 2
Understanding foreign policy decision-making	p. 4
Ethnic lobbying and FPA	p. 4
US foreign policy in the conflict	p. 8
The continuing debate on lobbying	p. 11
Public opinion and policymakers	p. 15
Historical synopsis	p. 19
Methods of inquiry	p. 21
Overview	p. 21
Opinion/perception	p. 21
Pro-Arab lobby	p. 22
Pro-Israel lobby	p. 24
Conclusion	p. 25
Public opinion and foreign policy perception	p. 27
Introduction	p. 27
The Cold War	p. 29
Advancing the "strategic relationship"	p. 29
The Intifada years	p. 31
The Gulf crisis	p. 34
Two occupations	p. 34
The task ahead	p. 39
After the Cold War	p. 41
The Clinton peace	p. 41
Clinton's failure, Bush's victory	p. 46
The global war on terrorism	p. 47
9/11	p. 47
Regime change	p. 49
Conclusion	p. 52
The effects of the pro-Israel lobby	p. 55
Introduction	p. 55
Lobbying for Israeli-US alliance in the Reagan-Bush eras	p. 58
From special to revolutionary	p. 58
Rejecting "land for peace"	p. 60
Transitioning from Reagan to Bush	p. 64
After the Cold War: Clinton's ascendance	p. 66
Times of optimism?	p. 66
Pro-Israel tanks	p. 69
AIPAC, Bush, and the wars on terrorism and Iraq	p. 70
The rebirth of a giant	p. 70
Eluding the two-state solution	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 82
The effects and potential of the pro-Arab lobby	p. 84
Introduction	p. 84
Cold War lobbying	p. 88
Losing the game	p. 88
Reinventing the Palestinian question	p. 90
A changing game	p. 93
From the Persian Gulf to the end of the Cold War	p. 95
Times of trouble, signs of hope	p. 95
Oslo's impacts	p. 100
Lobbying for peace	p. 105
The pro-Arab lobby in the war on terrorism	p. 108
Tragedy strikes	p. 108
Countering the pro-Israel lobby	p. 110
Conclusion	p. 116
Conclusion and scenarios: two states versus one	p. 120
Introduction	p. 120
Prospects for the two-state solution	p. 123
Oslo's aftermath	p. 123
Democracy and terrorism	p. 125
And then there was one state ...	p. 128
The debate in history	p. 128
Before and after: Israel and the Nakba	p. 129
Contemporary picture	p. 133
Future strategies for the pro-Arab lobby	p. 140
The AIPAC challenge	p. 140
Winners win	p. 143
Conclusion	p. 147
Appendices
Arab lobby questionnaire	p. 150
Public opinion polling on Palestinian statehood	p. 152
Foreign policy pressure groups	p. 156
Settler population and separation map	p. 159
Pro-Israel political contributions by election cycle	p. 161
Pro-Arab political contributions by election cycle	p. 163
Arab American national demographics	p. 164
Notes	p. 165
Bibliography	p. 221
Index	p. 255
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The Arab Lobby and US Foreign Policy: The Two-State Solution

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