Archaeological Chemistry

This book enables scientists to tackle the fundamental issues of chemical change in the archaeological materials, in order to advance the study of the past.

The Development of Archaeological Chemistry

1

(19)

Introduction

1

(2)

Early Investigations

3

(4)

The Growth of Scientific Archaeology in the 20th Century

7

(5)

Current Status and Scope of Archaeological Chemistry

12

(1)

The Structure of this Volume

13

(1)

Further Reading

14

(1)

References

15

(5)

Analytical Techniques Applied to Archaeology

20

(61)

Introduction

20

(1)

Electronic Transitions, the Electromagnetic Spectrum, and Analytical Spectroscopy

21

(4)

Techniques Based on Optical Wavelengths

25

(11)

Optical Emission Spectroscopy

25

(1)

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

26

(5)

Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry

31

(5)

Techniques Using X-Rays

36

(18)

X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

41

(8)

Analytical Electron Microscopy

49

(4)

Proton-induced X-Ray Emission

53

(1)

Neutron Activation Analysis

54

(7)

Mass Spectrometric Techniques

61

(5)

Chromatographic Techniques

66

(6)

Other Techniques

72

(2)

References

74

(7)

Obsidian Characterization in the Eastern Mediterranean

81

(23)

Introduction

81

(2)

Origin and Formation of Obsidian

83

(4)

Sources of Obsidian in the Eastern Mediterranean and Neighbouring Regions

87

(3)

Review of Analytical Work

90

(4)

Archaeological Implications

94

(4)

Summary

98

(1)

References

99

(5)

The Geochemistry of Clays and the Provenance of Ceramics

104

(45)

Introduction

104

(3)

The Structure of Clay Minerals

107

(14)

The Firing of Clays and the Mineralogical Composition of Ceramics

121

(5)

Trace Element Geochemistry in Clays

126

(8)

The Provenance of Archaeological Ceramics: Roman Finewares

134

(9)

Summary

143

(2)

References

145

(4)

The Chemistry and Corrosion of Archaeological Glass

149

(47)

Introduction

149

(1)

The Structure and Chemistry of Glass

150

(13)

The Colour of Glass

163

(10)

The Decay of Medieval Window Glass

173

(13)

The Corrosion of Buried Glass

186

(3)

Summary

189

(1)

References

190

(6)

Chemical Study of Metals - the European Medieval and Later Brass Industry

196

(43)

Introduction

196

(2)

The Production Methods of Brass in Antiquity

198

(3)

The Early History of Brass and Zinc

201

(4)

The Medieval and Later European Brass Industry

205

(6)

The Chemical Analysis of Metal Objects

211

(2)

The Chemical Study of European Brass Tokens and Coins

213

(7)

The Analysis of European Brass Scientific Instruments

220

(6)

The Analytical Authentication of Brass Instruments

226

(7)

Summary

233

(1)

References

234

(5)

The Chemistry and Use of Resinous Substances

239

(32)

Introduction

239

(1)

Resins: Definition and Uses

240

(1)

Chemistry of Resins

241

(5)

Monoterpenoids and Sesquiterpenoids

242

(1)

Diterpenoids

243

(2)

Triterpenoids

245

(1)

Analysis of Resins in Archaeological Contexts

246

(5)

Neolithic Tar

251

(9)

The Chemistry of Birch Bark and Birch Bark Tars

252

(5)

The Production and Uses of Neolithic Tars

257

(1)

Alternatives to Birch Bark and Softwood Tar

258

(2)

Summary: Evidence for Other Organic Substances

260

(4)

References

264

(7)

Amino Acid Stereochemistry and the First Americans

271

(31)

Introduction

271

(3)

The Structure of Bone Collagen

274

(3)

Stereochemistry of Amino Acids

277

(2)

Racemization of Amino Acids

279

(2)

Amino Acid Racemization Dating of the Californian Paleoindians

281

(9)

Summary of the Current Position Relating to the First Americans

290

(2)

Other Archaeological Uses of Amino Acid Racemization: Age at Death

292

(4)

Summary

296

(2)

References

298

(4)

Lead Isotope Geochemistry and the Trade in Metals

302

(39)

Introduction

302

(1)

The Trace Element Approach to Metal Provenance

303

(3)

Natural Radioactivity and the Stable Isotopes of Lead

306

(6)

The Lead Isotopic Composition of Metalliferous Deposits

312

(10)

Lead Isotopes in Archaeology

322

(7)

Lead Isotopes and the Bronze Age Mediterranean

329

(7)

Summary

336

(1)

References

336

(5)

Summary - Whither Archaeological Chemistry?

341

(6)

Historical Summary

341

(1)

The Archaeological Relevance of Chemical Applications

342

(2)

Whither Archaeological Chemistry?

344

(3)

Appendix 1 The Structure of the Atom, and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

347

(8)

Appendix 2 Isotopes

355

(4)

Appendix 3 Fundamental Constants

359

(1)

Appendix 4 Atomic Number and Approximate Weights (based on 12C = 12.000) of the Elements

360

(3)

Appendix 5 Periodic Table of the Elements

363

(1)

Subject Index

364

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Archaeological Chemistry

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials