Archaeology at the Millennium

, by Feinman, Gary M.; Price, T. Douglas

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ISBN: 9780306464522 | 0306464527
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/1/2001

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An internationally distinguished roster of contributors considers the state of the art of the discipline of archaeology at the turn of the 21st century and charts an ambitious agenda for the future. The chapters address a wide range of topics including paradigms, practice, and relevance of the discipline; paleoanthropology; fully modern humans; holocene hunter-gatherers; the transition to food and craft production; social inequality; warfare; state and empire formation; and the uneasy relationship between classical and anthropological archaeology.

Part I Introduction

Archaeology at the Millennium: Of Paradigms and Practice

(8)

Gary M. Feinman

T. Douglas Price

Introduction

(2)

Key Research Questions and Metatheory

(2)

The Tempo of Theoretical Change

(1)

The Larger Social Milieu

(1)

Archaeology and Anthropology

(1)

The Volume

(4)

References

(3)

An Aspect of Archaeology's Recent Past and Its Relevance in the New Millennium

(28)

Jeremy A. Sabloff

Wendy Ashmore

Introduction

(3)

Definitions and Background

(3)

The Success of the Settlement Pattern Approach

(3)

The Social Context of the Rise of Settlement Pattern Research

(1)

Settlement Pattern Studies as a Mirror of General Archaeological Trends

(2)

Current and Future Roles of Settlement Pattern Studies

(3)

Concluding Remarks

(13)

References

(13)

Part II First Hominids to Complex Hunter--Gatherers

Paleoanthropology at the Millennium

(70)

Kathy Schick

Nicholas Toth

Introduction

(1)

Paleoanthropology of the Earliest Hominids

(14)

General Trends

(1)

Major Taxa and New Discoveries

(1)

Hominid Origins and Evolutionary Patterns

(4)

Summary of Ardipithecus and the Australopithecines

(5)

Summary of the Genus Homo

(3)

Behavioral Aspects of Hominid Evolution

(1)

The Archaeology of the Earliest Hominids: The Oldowan

(17)

The Antiquity of the Stone Age

(1)

Overview of Major Patterns

(1)

Stone Technologies

(3)

Use of Other Raw Materials for Tools?

(1)

Who Were the Tool Makers?

(1)

Early Oldowan Sites

(1)

Oldowan Technology and Tool Function

(6)

Nature of the Early Sites

(2)

Current Approaches in the Study of Early Sites

(1)

Diet and Subsistence of Early Hominids

(1)

Environment and Early Hominid Evolution

(1)

Social Organization of Early Hominids

(1)

The Rise of the Acheulean and the Spread Out of Africa

(16)

New Technological Developments

(4)

Early Evidence of the Spread of Hominids Out of Africa

(1)

Western and Central Asia

(1)

Eastern Asia

(4)

Europe

(6)

General Evolutionary and Technological Trends

(1)

Questions Regarding Behavioral and Adaptive Patterns

(2)

Controlled Use of Fire?

(1)

Architecture and Structures?

(1)

The Importance of Hunting?

(1)

Symbolic and Ritual Behaviors?

(1)

A Summary of Turning Points in Our Understanding

(4)

Time Depth of Human Prehistory

(1)

Recency of Split with Apes

(1)

Antiquity of Bipedalism, Predating Flaked Stone Tools, and Brain Enlargement

(1)

Proliferation of Hominid Species/Bushing of the Family Tree

(1)

Antiquity of Stone Tools

(1)

Beyond Typology: Focus on Behavior

(1)

Use of Actualistic and Experimental Studies

(1)

Questioning Early Hominid Behavioral Modes

(1)

Predictions for the Twenty-First Century

(3)

140 Years Later: Taking Stock

(14)

References

(14)

Fully Modern Humans

109

(28)

Richard G. Klein

Introduction

109

(1)

Fossils, Genetics, and Modern Human Origins

110

(5)

Archaeology and Out of Africa 2

115

(3)

Some Problems with Out of Africa 2

118

(11)

What Explains the Relatively Abrupt Appearance of Modern Human Behavior (the Modern Capacity for Culture) 50,000 Years Ago?

120

(2)

Were Neanderthals Fundamentally Incapable of Fully Modern Behavior?

122

(1)

Did Neanderthals Manage to Survive in Parts of Europe for Thousands of Years After Modern People Arrived?

123

(1)

Why Weren't the Earliest Modern Humans as Heavily Built as the Neanderthals?

124

(1)

What Kind of People First Occupied the Americas and Australasia?

125

(1)

Was Out of Africa 2 Encouraged by a Significant Advance in Human Ability to Hunt and Gather 50,000 to 40,000 Years Ago?

126

(1)

Is It Really True That Modern Behavioral Markers Appeared Widely Only About 50,000 to 40,000 Years Ago?

127

(2)

Conclusion

129

(8)

References

130

(7)

Holocene Hunter-Gatherers

137

(62)

Robert L. Bettinger

Introduction

137

(1)

Background to the Modern View

138

(7)

Cultural Ecology

140

(1)

Population

140

(2)

Social Relations

142

(2)

Summary

144

(1)

Holocene Environment

145

(4)

Holocene Technology

149

(5)

Holocene Inventions

149

(3)

The Bow and Arrow

152

(2)

Holocene Adaptive Strategies

154

(18)

Foragers and Collectors

154

(2)

Forager and Collector Technology and Risk

156

(1)

Reliability and Maintainability

157

(7)

Traveler--Processor Model

164

(2)

Implications for Holocene Hunter--Gatherers

166

(1)

Linear Programming Models of Ethnographic Hunter--Gatherer Diets

167

(5)

Storage, Sedentism, and Territoriality

172

(11)

Transition to Energy Maximizing in California and the Great Basin

181

(1)

Discussion

182

(1)

Implications

183

(16)

References

186

(13)

Part III The Transition from Hunter--Gatherers to Agricultural Villages

The Transition to Food Production

199

(32)

Bruce D. Smith

Introduction

199

(1)

Closing Down or Opening Up?

200

(2)

Multiple Regional Mosaics

202

(3)

Subregional Scales of Analysis

205

(2)

New Paradigms

207

(8)

Generes of Explanation

215

(3)

The Food-Fight Theory

218

(3)

``Regional Scale Between the Lines'' Theories

221

(5)

Conclusion

226

(5)

References

227

(4)

Richman, Poorman, Beggarman, Chief: The Dynamics of Social Inequality

231

(42)

Brian Hayden

Introduction

231

(3)

Definitions and Concepts

232

(2)

Evidence for the Evolution of Social Hierarchies

234

(10)

The Lower Paleolithic

234

(1)

The Middle Paleolithic

235

(1)

The Upper Paleolithic

236

(4)

The Mesolithic

240

(1)

The Neolithic

241

(3)

The Major Models

244

(10)

Who Benefits?

246

(4)

Control of What?

250

(1)

Population Pressure

251

(3)

The Emergence of Prestige Technologies

254

(11)

Aggrandizing Strategies That Work

258

(1)

Ownership

258

(1)

Contractual Debts

258

(1)

Feasting

258

(1)

Bride Prices

259

(1)

Investment in Children

259

(1)

Prestige Items

260

(1)

Trade and Profit

260

(1)

Taboos, Fines, and Control in Dispute Resolution

260

(1)

Warfare and Other Calamities

261

(1)

Access to the Supernatural

261

(1)

Manipulation of Cultural Values

262

(1)

Separation from Others

262

(1)

Payoffs

262

(3)

Concluding Comments

265

(8)

References

266

(7)

Craft Production Systems

273

(56)

Cathy Lynne Costin

Introduction

273

(5)

Specialization

275

(1)

Production Types and Parameters

276

(1)

Components of Production Systems

277

(1)

Identifying Production Systems in the Archaeological Record

278

(1)

Producers

278

(8)

Specilists

279

(1)

Intensity

280

(1)

Compensation

281

(1)

Skill

281

(1)

Artisan Identity and Social Roles

282

(1)

Social Rank/Status

282

(2)

Gender

284

(1)

Other Elements of Social Identity

284

(1)

Crafting as Identity

285

(1)

Principles of Recruitment

285

(1)

Means of Production

286

(6)

Raw Materials

286

(1)

Raw Material Sources: Compositional Analysis

286

(1)

Principles of Resource Procurement

287

(1)

Performance Characteristics of Raw Materials

287

(1)

Technology

287

(1)

Technological Complexity and the Organization of Production

288

(1)

Efficiency

289

(2)

Output and the Organization of Production

291

(1)

Control and Technology

291

(1)

Technological Variation and the Organization of Production

292

(1)

Organizing Principles of the Production System

292

(11)

Spatial Organization of Production

293

(1)

Permanent Features

293

(1)

Manufacturing Tools and Debris

294

(1)

Concentration of Production Activities

295

(1)

Social Organization of Production

296

(1)

Constitution of Production Units

296

(1)

Sociopolitical Context of Production: Attached and Independent Production

297

(2)

Embedded Production

299

(2)

Standardization

301

(2)

Objects

303

(1)

Function and Meaning

304

(1)

Quantitative Aspects of the Demand

304

(1)

Mechanisms of Distribution

304

(2)

Consumers

306

(1)

Consumption Patterns and the Organization of Production

306

(1)

Theory: Issues of Origins, Process, and Explanation

306

(6)

Political Explanations

307

(1)

Economic Explanations

308

(1)

The Role of Studies of Households and Middle-Range Societies in Developing New Models and Explanatory Frameworks

308

(1)

Household Divisions of Labor and the Development of Specialization

309

(1)

Divisions of Labor in Middle-Range Societies and the Development of Specialization

310

(2)

Summary and Conclusions: Where do We Go From Here?

312

(17)

References

314

(15)

Warfare and the Evolution of Culture

329

(24)

Jonathan Haas

Introduction

329

(1)

The Archaeology of War (and Peace)

330

(2)

The Origins of War

332

(3)

War in the Neolithic

335

(5)

Warfare and the Development of Cultural Complexity

340

(2)

Conclusions

342

(11)

References

344

(9)

Part IV The Rise of Archaic States

Understanding Ancient State Societies in the Old World

353

(28)

Gil J. Stein

Introduction

353

(1)

From State Development to State Dynamics

353

(3)

Variability and Heterogeneity in Early State Political Economy

356

(3)

Cities and States

359

(2)

State Infrastructures I: Agriculture and Herding Systems

361

(2)

State Infrastructures II: Craft Production

363

(3)

Exchange Economies, Interregional Interaction, and Secondary State Formation

366

(2)

Nagging Problems and Emerging Research Foci

368

(13)

References

370

(11)

State Formation in the New World

381

(34)

Linda Manzanilla

Introduction

381

(4)

Chiefdoms

382

(1)

Definitions of the State

383

(1)

State Origins

384

(1)

States versus Urbanism

384

(1)

State Formation and Development in Mesoamerica

385

(16)

The Gulf Coast

385

(2)

The Classic Period in Central Mexico

387

(6)

The Postclassic Period in Central Mexico

393

(1)

The Toltec

393

(1)

The Aztec

394

(1)

The Tarascans

395

(1)

The State in the Valley of Oaxaca

396

(2)

Evolution of the State in the Maya Region

398

(3)

State Emergence and Development in the Andean Region

401

(6)

Mochica

401

(2)

Wari

403

(1)

Tiwanaku

404

(1)

Chimu and Inka

405

(2)

Concluding Remarks

407

(8)

References

408

(7)

Classical Archaeology and Anthropological Archaeology in North America: A Meeting of Minds at the Millennium?

415

(24)

Jack L. Davis

Classical Archaeology in the United States: The Present State of the Discipline

415

(6)

The Width of the Great Divide in the United States

416

(2)

The Depth of the Great Divide: A Colony and Its Grandmother

418

(3)

Contributions to an Anthropological Discourse

421

(9)

The Paleolithic and the Colonization of Europe

421

(2)

Spread of Food Production

423

(1)

Social Inequality and Processes of State Formation

424

(5)

The Archaeology of States and Empires

429

(1)

Classical Archaeology in the Next Millennium

430

(9)

References

432

(7)

Empires

439

(36)

Carla M. Sinopoli

Introduction

439

(5)

Definitions

444

(3)

Problems of Scale

447

(4)

Spatial Scales

448

(1)

Time and Process

448

(2)

Scales of Interaction

450

(1)

Rulers and Subjects

451

(5)

Imperial Elites

451

(3)

Regional Elites

454

(1)

Nonelites

455

(1)

Imperial Consolidation and Administration

456

(6)

Administration and Record Keeping

457

(1)

Ideologies and Identities

458

(2)

Historical Knowledge and Memories

460

(1)

Resistance

461

(1)

Archaeology Challenges: Horizon or Hegemony?

462

(2)

Conclusions

464

(11)

References

466

(9)

Part V Conclusion

The Archaeology of the Future

475

(22)

T. Douglas Price

Gary M. Feinman

Introduction

475

(1)

The Past of Archaeology

475

(6)

Current Conditions

481

(4)

The Future of Archaeology

485

(7)

Archaeology in the Academy

487

(2)

Archaeological Research

489

(1)

New Perspectives

490

(1)

New Methods

491

(1)

Conclusions

492

(5)

References

493

(4)

Index

497

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Archaeology at the Millennium

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials