Architectural Theory Volume I - An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870

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ISBN: 9781405102582 | 1405102586
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 9/2/2005

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Architectural Theory: Vitruvius to 1870 is a landmark anthology that surveys the development of the field of architecture from its earliest days to the year 1870. The first truly comprehensive anthology that brings together the classic essays in the field, the volume chronicles the major developments and trends in architecture from Vitruvius to Gottfried Semper. Volume 1 of the first overview of architectural thought from antiquity to the present day; this volume covers 25 B.C. to 1870 Collects over 200 classic essays in the field, organized thematically for the student and scholar, covering Classicism, Neoclassicism, the Enlightenment, Romanticism, and the Gothic Includes German, French, and Italian essays appearing in English here for the first time Features a general introduction and headnotes to each essay written by a renowned expert on architectural theory.

Preface

xxi

General Introduction

xxiii

Part I: Classicism and the Renaissance

(56)

A. The Classical and Medieval Traditions

(23)

Introduction

(23)

1. Vitruvius

(4)

from On Architecture, Book 1 (c.25 Bc)

2. Vitruvius

(2)

from On Architecture, Book 2 (c.25 BC)

3. Vitruvius

(1)

from On Architecture, Book 3 (c.25 BC)

4. Vitruvius

(3)

from On Architecture, Book 4 (c.25 BC)

5. Old Testament

(3)

from I Kings

6. Old Testament

(2)

from The Book of Ezekiel (c.586 Bc)

7. New Testament

(2)

from The Revelation of Jesus Christ to Saint John (c.95 AD)

8. Abbot Suger

(2)

from The Book of Suger, Abbot of Saint-Denis (c.1144)

9. William Durandus

(2)

from The Symbolism of Churches and Church Ornaments (1286)

B. Renaissance and Baroque Ideals

(31)

Introduction

(1)

10. Antonio di Tuccio Manetti

(31)

from The Life of Brunelleschi (1480's)

11. Leon Battista Alberti

(2)

from On the Art of Building, Prologue and Book I (1443-52)

12. Leon Battista Alberti

(2)

from On the Art of Building, Book 6 (1443-52)

13. Leon Battista Alberti

(2)

from On the Art of Building, Book 9 (1443-52)

14. Il Filarete

(3)

from Book 1 of his untitled treatise on architecture (1461-3)

15. Il Filarete

(3)

from Book 8 of his untitled treatise on architecture

16. Sebastiano Serlio

(2)

from Book 3, The Complete Works on Architecture and Perspective (1540)

17. Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola

(2)

from Preface to Rules of the Five Orders of Architecture (1562)

18. Palladio

(2)

from The Four Books of Architecture (1570)

19. Juan Bautista Villalpando

(2)

from Ezekiel Commentaries (1604)

20. Georgio Vasari

(3)

from Preface to Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (1550, 1568)

21. Georgio Vasari

(2)

from "Life of Michelangelo" in Lives of the Most Eminent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (1550, 1568)

22. Peter Paul Rubens

(2)

from Preface to Palaces of Genoa (1622)

Part II: Classicism in France and Britain

(62)

A. French Classicism: Ancients and Moderns

(29)

Introduction

(1)

23. René Descartes

(27)

from Rules for the Direction of the Mind (1628)

24. Roland Fréart de Chambray

(3)

from Preface to A Parallel of the Ancient Architecture with the Modern (1650)

25. Paul Fréart de Chantelou

(5)

from Diary of the Cavaliere Bernini's Visit to France (1665)

26. François Blondel

(2)

from "Inaugural Lecture to the Academy of Architecture" (1671)

27. François Blondel,

(1)

from Architecture Course (1675)

28. René Ouvrard

(2)

from Harmonic Architecture (1677)

29. Claude Perrault

(2)

annotations to French translation of The Ten Books of Architecture of Vitruvius (1673)

30. François Blondel

(1)

from Architecture Course, Vol. II (1683)

31. Claude Perrault

(1)

from The Ten Books of Architecture of Vitruvius, second edition (1684)

32. Claude Perrault

(3)

from Ordonnance for the Five Kinds of Columns After the Method of the Ancients (1683)

33. Jean-François Félibien

(1)

from Preface to Historical Survey of the Life and Works of the Most Celebrated Architects (1687)

34. Charles Perrault

(1)

from Preface to Parallel of the Ancients and Moderns with Regard to the Arts and Sciences (1688)

35. Charles Perrault

(1)

from "Design of a Portal for the Church of Sainte-Geneviève in Paris" (1697)

36. Michel de Frémin

(2)

from Critical Memoirs on Architecture (1702)

37. Jean-Louis de Cordemoy

(2)

from New Treatise on All Architecture or the Art of Building (1706, 1714)

B. British Classicism and Palladianism

(31)

Introduction

(1)

38. Henry Wotton

(32)

from The Elements of Architecture (1624)

39. Christopher Wren

(2)

from Tract I on architecture (mid-1670's)

40. Christopher Wren

(1)

from Tracts II and IV on architecture (mid-1670's)

41. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury

(4)

from Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711)

42. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury

(3)

from 'A Letter Concerning Design" (1712)

43. Colin Campbell

101

(2)

Introduction to Vitruvius Britannicus, Vol. I (1715)

44. Nicholas Du Bois

103

(3)

Translator's Preface to The Architecture of A. Palladio (1715)

45. William Kent

106

(1)

"Advertisement" to The Designs of Inigo Jones (1727)

46. James Gibbs

107

(2)

Introduction to A Book of Architecture (1728)

47. Robert Morris

109

(3)

from An Essay in Defence of Ancient Architecture (1728)

48. Alexander Pope

112

(2)

from Of False Taste (1731)

49. Isaac Ware

114

(1)

"Advertisement" to Andrea Palladio: The Four Books of Architecture (1737)

50. Robert Morris

115

(4)

from "An Essay upon Harmony" (1739)

Part III: Neoclassicism and the Enlightenment

119

(102)

A. Early Neoclassicism

121

(33)

Introduction

121

(1)

51. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach

122

(32)

from Preface to Outline for a Historical Architecture (1721)

52. Voltaire

123

(2)

from Philosophic Letters on the English (1733)

53. Jacques-Gabriel Soufflot

125

(1)

from "Memoir on Architectural Proportions" (1739)

54. Jacques-Gabriel Soufflot

126

(1)

from "Memoir on Gothic Architecture" (1741)

55. Carlo Lodoli

127

(3)

from Notes for a projected treatise on architecture (c.1740's)

56. Baron de Montesquieu

130

(2)

from Preface to The Spirit of the Laws (1748)

57. Jean JacquesRousseau

132

(3)

from "Discourse on the Sciences and Arts" (1750)

58. Jean Le Rond D'Alembert

135

(3)

from "Preliminary Discourse of the Editors" (1751)

59. Jacques-François Blondel

138

(2)

from "Architecture" in Diderot's Encyclopedia (1751)

60. Charles-Étienne Briseux

140

(1)

from Preface to Treatise on Essential Beauty in the Arts (1752)

61. Marc-Antoine Laugier

141

(3)

from Essay on Architecture (1753)

62. Marc-Antoine Laugier

144

(3)

from Essay on Architecture (1753)

63. Isaac Ware

147

(1)

from A Complete Body of Architecture, Chapter II (1756)

64. Isaac Ware

148

(2)

from A Complete Body of Architecture, Chapter IX (1756)

65. William Chambers

150

(2)

from A Treatise on Civil Architecture (1759)

66. William Chambers

152

(2)

from A Treatise on the Decorative Part of Civil Architecture (1791)

B. Greece and the Classical Ideal

154

(36)

Introduction

154

(1)

67. James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

155

(35)

from "Proposals for publishing an accurate description of the Antiquities of Athens" (1748)

68. Robert Wood and James Dawkins

158

(1)

from The Ruins of Palmyra (1753)

69. Johann Joachim Winckelmann

159

(4)

from Reflections on the Imitation of Greek Works in Painting and Sculpture (1755)

70. Allan Ramsay

163

(2)

from "A Dialogue on Taste" in The Investigator (1755)

71. Julien-David Le Roy

165

(3)

from The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece (1758)

72. Julien-David Le Roy

168

(1)

from The Ruins of the Most Beautiful Monuments of Greece (1758)

73. James Stuart and Nicholas Revett

169

(3)

from Preface to The Antiquities of Athens (1762)

74. Johann Joachim Winckelmann

172

(2)

from History of the Art of Antiquity (1764)

75. Johann Joachim Winckelmann

174

(2)

from History of the Art of Antiquity (1764)

76. Johann Joachim Winckelmann

176

(2)

from History of the Art of Antiquity (1764)

77. Giovanni Battista Piranesi

178

(7)

from "Observations on the Letter of Monsieur Mariette" (1765)

78. Giovanni Battista Piranesi

185

(3)

from Opinions on Architecture (1765)

79. Giovanni Battista Piranesi

188

(2)

from "An Apologetical Essay in Defence of the Egyptian and Tuscan Architecture" (1769)

C. Character and Expression

190

(31)

Introduction

190

(1)

80. Germain Boffrand

191

(32)

from Book of Architecture (1745)

81. Étienne Bonnot de Condillac

193

(2)

from Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge (1746)

82. Julien-David Le Roy

195

(2)

from History of the Arrangement and Different Forms that the Christians Have Given to Their Churches (1764)

83. Jacques-François Blondel

197

(2)

from Course of Architecture (1771)

84. Nicolas Le Camus de Mezieres

199

(2)

from The Genius of Architecture (1780)

85. Nicolas Le Camus de Mézières

201

(3)

from The Genius of Architecture (1780)

86. Jean-Louis Viel de Saint-Maux

204

(2)

from Letters on the Architecture of the Ancients and the Moderns (1787)

87. A.C. Quatremère de Quincy

206

(4)

from Methodical Encyclopedia (1788)

88. Étienne-Louis Boullée

210

(3)

from Architecture, Essay on Art (c.1794)

89. Étienne-Louis Boullée

213

(3)

from Architecture, Essay on Art (c.1794)

90. Claude Nicolas Ledoux

216

(2)

from Architecture Considered in Relation to Art, Morals, and Legislation (1804)

91. John Soane

218

(3)

from Royal Academy Lectures on Architecture (V and XI; 1812-15)

Part IV: Theories of the Picturesque and the Sublime

221

(110)

A. Sources of the Picturesque

223

(26)

Introduction

223

(1)

92. John Locke

224

(21)

from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690)

93. William Temple

229

(1)

from "Upon the Gardens of Epicurus; or, of Gardening in the Year 1685" (1692)

94. John Vanbrugh

230

(2)

from Letter to the Duchess of Marlborough (1709)

95. Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury

232

(2)

from "The Moralists" (1709)

96. Joseph Addison

234

(5)

from The Spectator (1712)

97. Robert Castell

239

(2)

from The Villas of the Ancients Illustrated (1728)

98. Batty Langley

241

(2)

from New Principles of Gardening (1728)

99. Robert Morris

243

(2)

from Lectures on Architecture (1736)

100. William Chambers

245

(4)

from Designs of Chinese Buildings (1757)

B. Toward a Relativist Aesthetics

249

(41)

Introduction

249

(1)

101. John Locke

250

(3)

from An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, fourth edition (1700)

102. Joseph Addison

253

(3)

from The Spectator (1712)

103. Jean Baptiste du Bos

256

(2)

from Critical Reflections on Poetry, Painting, and Music (1719)

104. Francis Hutcheson

258

(3)

from An Inquiry into the Original of our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725)

105. George Berkeley

261

(5)

from the "Third Dialogue" of Alciphron (1732)

106. David Hume

266

(1)

from A Treatise of Human Nature (1739-40)

107. Allan Ramsey

267

(2)

from "A Dialogue on Taste" in The Investigator (1755)

108. Alexander Gerard

269

(2)

from An Essay on Taste (1756)

109. David Hume

271

(2)

from "Of the Standard of Taste" (1757)

110. Edmund Burke

273

(4)

from A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)

111. Edmund Burke

277

(7)

from A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful (1757)

112. Lord Kames

284

(2)

from Elements of Criticism (1762)

113. Robert and James Adam

286

(4)

from Preface to The Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (1773-8)

C. Consolidation of Picturesque Theory

290

(41)

Introduction

290

(1)

114. Thomas Whately

291

(4)

from Observations on Modern Gardening (1770)

115. Horace Walpole

295

(3)

from "The History of the Modern Taste in Gardening" (1771)

116. William Chambers

298

(2)

from A Dissertation on Oriental Gardening (1772)

117. William Gilpin

300

(3)

from Observations on the River Wye (1782)

118. Joshua Reynolds

303

(2)

from Discourses on Art (1786)

119. John Soane

305

(2)

from Plans, Elevations, and Sections of Buildings (1788)

120. Uvedale Price

307

(5)

from Essays on the Picturesque (1794)

121. Richard Payne Knight

312

(4)

from "Postscript" to The Landscape, second edition (1795)

122. Humphry Repton

316

(3)

from Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gardening (1795)

123. Uvedale Price

319

(3)

from "An Essay on Architecture and Buildings as connected with Scenery" (1798)

124. Richard Payne Knight

322

(3)

from An Analytical Inquiry into the Principles of Taste (1805)

125. John Soane

325

(8)

from Royal Academy Lectures on Architecture, V, VIII, and XI (1812-15)

Part V: The Rise of Historicism in the Nineteenth Century

331

(140)

A. Challenges to Classicism in France, 1802-34

333

(29)

Introduction

333

(1)

126. Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand

334

(4)

from Précis of the Lectures on Architecture (1802)

127. A.C. Quatremère de Quincy

338

(2)

from On Egyptian Architecture (1803)

128. Christian Ludwig Stieglitz

340

(1)

from Archaeology of the Architecture of the Greeks and Romans (1801)

129. A.C. Quatremère de Quincy

341

(2)

from The Olympian Jupiter (1814)

130. Charles Robert Cockerell

343

(1)

from "On the Aegina Marbles" (1819)

131. William Kinnard

344

(1)

annotations to Stuart and Revett's The Antiquities of Athens, second edition (1825)

132. Otto Magnus von Stackelberg

345

(2)

from The Temple of Apollo at Bassae in Arcadia (1826)

133. Jacques Ignace Hittorff

347

(1)

from "Polychrome Architecture Among the Greeks" (1830)

134. Gottfried Semper

348

(3)

from Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity (1834)

135. Léon Vaudoyer

351

(2)

excerpts from three letters of 1829, 1830, and 1831

136. Émile Barrault

353

(3)

from To Artists (1830)

137. Victor Hugo

356

(1)

from The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1832)

138. Gottfried Semper

357

(2)

from Preliminary Remarks on Polychrome Architecture and Sculpture in Antiquity (1834)

139. Léonce Reynaud

359

(3)

from 'Architecture" in the New Encyclopedia (1834)

B. The Gothic Revival in Britain, Germany, and France

362

(33)

Introduction

362

(1)

140. Horace Walpole

363

(1)

from Letter to H. Zouch (1759)

141. Horace Walpole

364

(2)

from A Description of the Villa of Horace Walpole at Strawberry Hill (1774)

142. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

366

(2)

from "On German Architecture" (1772)

143. François René Chateaubriand

368

(2)

from The Genius of Christianity (1802)

144. Friedrich von Schlegel

370

(3)

from Notes on a Trip through the Netherlands (1806)

145. Joseph Görres

373

(2)

from "The Cathedral in Cologne" (1814)

146. Georg Moller

375

(1)

from Monuments of German Architecture (1815-21)

147. Thomas Rickman

376

(2)

from An Attempt to Discriminate the Styles of English Architecture (1817)

148. William Whewell

378

(3)

from Architectural Notes on German Churches (1830)

149. Robert Willis

381

(2)

from Remarks on the Architecture of the Middle Ages (1835)

150. A. W N. Pugin

383

(2)

from Contrasts (1836)

151. A.W.N. Pugin

385

(1)

from The True Principles of Pointed or Christian Architecture (1841)

152. John Mason Neale and Benjamin Webb

386

(2)

from The Ecclesiologist (1841)

153. Victor Hugo

388

(2)

from The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1832)

154. Léonce Reynaud

390

(1)

from "Architecture" in the New Encyclopedia (1834)

155. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

391

(4)

from "On the Construction of Religious Buildings in France" (1844)

C. The German Style Debate

395

(30)

Introduction

395

(1)

156. Immanuel Kant

396

(2)

from Critique of Judgment (1790)

157. August Schlegel

398

(1)

from Lectures on Literature and the Fine Arts (1801-2)

158. Friedrich Gilly

399

(2)

from "Some Thoughts on the Necessity of Endeavoring to Unify the Various Departments of Architecture..." (1799)

159. Karl Friedrich Schinkel

401

(2)

Literary fragments (c.1805)

160. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

403

(3)

from The Philosophy of Fine Art (1820's)

161. Friedrich von Gärtner

406

(1)

from Letter to Johann Martin von Wagner (1828)

162. Heinrich Hübsch

407

(3)

from In What Style Should We Build? (1828)

163. Rudolf Wiegmann

410

(2)

from "Remarks on the Book: In What Style Should We Build?" (1829)

164. Karl Friedrich Schinkel

412

(2)

from Notes for a textbook on architecture (c.1830)

165. Karl Friedrich Schinkel

414

(1)

from Notes for a textbook on architecture (c.1835)

166. Rudolf Wiegmann

415

(2)

from "Thoughts on the Development of a National Architectural Style for the Present" (1841)

167. Johann Heinrich Wolff

417

(2)

from "Remarks on the Architectural Questions Broached by Professor Stier..." (1845)

168. Eduard Metzger

419

(2)

from "Contribution to the Contemporary Question: In What Style Should One Build!" (1845)

169. Carl Bötticher

421

(4)

from "The Principles of the Hellenic and Germanic Ways of Building" (1846)

D. The Rise of American Theory

425

(46)

Introduction

425

(1)

170. Thomas Jefferson

426

(6)

Letters (1787, 1791, 1805, 1810)

171. Benjamin Latrobe

432

(3)

from Letter to Thomas Jefferson (1807)

172. George Tucker

435

(2)

from "On Architecture" (1814)

173. William Strickland

437

(2)

from Introductory lecture on architecture (1824)

174. Thomas U. Walter

439

(1)

from "Of Modern Architecture" (1841)

175. Arthur Delavan Gilman

440

(3)

from "Architecture in the United States" (1844)

176. Thomas Alexander Tefft

443

(1)

from "The Cultivation of True Taste" (1851)

177. Ralph Waldo Emerson

444

(2)

from "Self-Reliance" (1841)

178. Ralph Waldo Emerson

446

(3)

from "Thoughts on Art" (1841)

179. Horatio Greenough

449

(3)

from Letter to Washington Allston (1831)

180. Horatio Greenough

452

(2)

from 'American Architecture" (1843)

181. Horatio Greenough

454

(2)

from "Structure and Organization" (1852)

182. Henry David Thoreau

456

(1)

from his journal (January 11, 1852)

183. Andrew Jackson Downing

457

(3)

from A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening (1841)

184. Andrew Jackson Downing

460

(2)

from Cottage Residences (1842)

185. Andrew Jackson Downing

462

(2)

from Hints to Persons about Building in the Country (1847)

186. Andrew Jackson Downing

464

(1)

from The Architecture of Country Houses (1850)

187. Calvert Vaux

465

(3)

from Villas and Cottages (1857)

188. James Jackson Jarves

468

(5)

from The Art-Idea (1864)

Part VI: Historicism in the Industrial Age

471

(90)

A. The Battle of the Styles in Britain

473

(32)

Introduction

473

(1)

189. Thomas Hope

474

(2)

from Observations on the Plans and Elevations Designed by James Wyatt (1804)

190. Thomas Hope

476

(2)

from An Historical Essay on Architecture (1835)

191. Thomas Leverton Donaldson

478

(1)

from "Preliminary Discourse before the University College of London" (1842)

192. John Ruskin

479

(3)

from The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849)

193. James Fergusson, A.W.N. Pugin, Edward Lacy Garbett, and Robert Kerr

482

(6)

from The Builder (1850)

194. Edward Lacy Garbett

488

(2)

from Rudimentary Treatise on the Principles of Design in Architecture (1850)

195. John Ruskin

490

(3)

from "The Nature of Gothic" (1851-3)

196. Matthew Digby Wyatt

493

(2)

from The Industrial Arts of the Nineteenth Century (1851)

197. Richard Redgrave

495

(2)

from "Supplementary Report on Design" (1852)

198. Owen Jones

497

(2)

from The Grammar of Ornament (1856)

199. John Ruskin

499

(1)

from "The Deteriorative Power of Conventional Art over Nations" (1859)

200. Robert Kerr

500

(2)

"The Battle of the Styles," from The Builder (1860)

201. James Fergusson

502

(1)

from History of the Modern Styles of Architecture (1862)

202. William Morris

503

(2)

Prospectus for Morris, Marshall, Faulkner and Company (1861)

B. Rationalism, Eclecticism, and Realism in France

505

(24)

Introduction

505

(1)

203. Albert Lenoir and Léon Vaudoyer

506

(2)

from "Studies of Architecture in France" (1844)

204. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

508

(2)

from "On the Construction of Religious Building in France" (1845)

205. César Daly

510

(2)

from "On Liberty in Art" (1847)

206. Léonce Reynaud

512

(1)

from Treatise on Architecture (1850)

207. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

513

(2)

from "Architecture" in Reasoned Dictionary (1854)

208. Gustave Courbet

515

(1)

from "Statement on Realism" (1855)

209. Charles Baudelaire

516

(2)

from "The Painter of Modern Life" (1859)

210. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

518

(3)

from Lectures on Architecture, Lecture VI (1859)

211. César Daly

521

(1)

from Revue générale, Vol. 21 (1863)

212. César Daly

522

(2)

from Revue générale, Vol. 23 (1866)

213. Bourgeois de Lagny

524

(1)

from "Salon of 1866"

214. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

525

(1)

from "Style" in Reasoned Dictionary (1866)

215. Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc

526

(1)

from Lectures on Architecture, Lecture XII (1866)

216. Émile Zola

527

(2)

from The Covered Market of Paris (1872)

C. Tectonics and Style in Germany

529

(32)

Introduction

529

(1)

217. Karl von Schnaase

530

(1)

from Dutch Letters (1834)

218. Karl Bötticher

531

(2)

from Greek Tectonics (1843)

219. Eduard van der Nüll

533

(1)

from "Suggestions on the Skillful Relation of Ornament to Untreated Form" (1845)

220. Heinrich Leibnitz

534

(2)

from The Structural Element in Architecture (1849)

221. Gottfried Semper

536

(4)

from The Four Elements of Architecture (1851)

222. Gottfried Semper

540

(5)

from Science, Industry, and Art (1852)

223. Jacob Burckhardt

545

(1)

from The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)

224. Jacob Burckhardt

546

(1)

from The History of the Italian Renaissance (1867)

225. Gottfried Semper

547

(4)

from Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts (1860)

226. Gottfried Semper

551

(4)

from Style in the Technical and Tectonic Arts (1860)

227. Rudolf Hermann Lotze

555

(1)

from History of German Aesthetics (1868)

228. Gottfried Semper

556

(2)

from On Architectural Style (1869)

229. Richard Lucae

558

(3)

from "On the Meaning and Power of Space in Architecture" (1869)

Additional Recommended Readings

561

(7)

Acknowledgments

568

(15)

Index

583

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Architectural Theory Volume I - An Anthology from Vitruvius to 1870

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials