Arms Procurement Decision Making Volume 1: China, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea and Thailand

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ISBN: 9780198292791 | 0198292791
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/25/1999

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This study is a comparative analysis of the arms procurement decision-making processes in five countries. It examines whether or not national arms procurement processes, even as they involve sensitive security issues and complex systems, can become more responsive to the broader objectives of security and public accountability. The country case studies are based to a large extent on original research papers written by experts from the respective national academic and defense procurement communities.

Preface

(1)

Acknowledgements

(1)

Acronyms and abbreviations

1. Introduction

(7)

Ravinder Pal Singh

I. Background

(1)

II. The rationale for this study

(3)

III. The scope, method and conduct of the study

Table 1.1. Four major themes of this study

Figure 1.1. A sample of essential public services required by society

2. China

(40)

Chinese Country Study Group

I. Introduction

(1)

II. The arms procurement decision-making process

(18)

III. The domestic context

(9)

IV. Factors influencing arms procurement

(5)

IV. Conclusions

Table 2.1. The Chinese defence budget, 1953-80

Figure 2.1. High-level organizations in Chinese arms procurement decision making

Figure 2.2. Organization of arms procurement bureaux and institutes in the PLA

Figure 2.3 The research and information establishments of China's Central Military Commission

Figure 2.4. Stages in the Chinese military R&D process

Appendix 2A. China's military R&D, manufacturing and trading

Appendix 2B. The development of coastal minesweepers by the PLAN in the 1980s

Figure 2B.1. Organizations involved in the development of a warship

3. India

(43)

Ravinder Pal Singh

I. Introduction

(1)

II. The arms procurement decision-making process

(14)

III. The Indo-Soviet arms transfer relationship

(3)

IV. Deficiencies in the process

V. Conclusions and recommendations

Figure 3.1. Organization involved in the Indian arms procurement and review process, 1997

Figure 3.2. The arms procurement decision-making process in the Indian Ministry of Defence

Figure 3.3. Information and decision channels in the Indian arms procurement decision-making process

Appendix 3A. India's defence R&D and production establishments

4. Israel

(40)

Gerald Steinberg

I. Introduction

(3)

II. The arms procurement decision-making process

(4)

III. Threat assessment and Israeli security planning

(6)

IV. External influences on arms procurement

104

(4)

V. Procurement budgeting

108

(3)

VI. Influence of the defence industry

111

(5)

VII. Checks and balances

116

(9)

VIII. Analysis and recommendations

125

(5)

IX. Conclusions

130

Table 4.1. US military aid to Israel, 1949-95

105

Table 4.2. The Israeli defence budget by category, 1989-94

109

Table 4.3. The Israeli defence industry: sales and exports, 1980-95

112

Table 4.4. Subsidies for Israeli state-owned defence firms, 1991-94

116

Figure 4.1. Major actors in the Israeli defence establishment

Figure 4.2. Military technology evaluation procedure in Israel

102

Figure 4.3. Evaluation of the equipment needs of the Israeli infantry based on decision tree analysis

103

5. Japan

131

(46)

Masako Ikegami-Andersson

I. Introduction

131

(2)

II. The arms procurement decision-making process

133

(12)

III. Defence budgeting

145

(6)

IV. R&D and domestic production in arms procurement

151

(10)

V. Factors which constrain the rationality of arms procurement in Japan

161

(10)

VI. Conclusions

171

Table 5.1. The Japanese defence budget and its share of GNP, 1955-95

136

Table 5.2. Stages in the defence and arms procurement decision-making process in Japan

139

Table 5.3. Changes in the composition of Japanese defence expenditure (original budget), FYs 1992-96

146

Table 5.4. Budget allocations to the Japanese Self-Defense Forces, 1992-96

147

Table 5.5. Annual process of compiling the Japanese defence budget

148

Table 5.6. Government expenditure on defence R&D in select countries

152

Table 5.7. Ratios of defence production to industrial production and of domestic procurement to total procurement in Japan, 1985-94

158

Table 5.8. Defence production by category as a percentage of total industrial production in Japan, 1994 (preliminary)

159

Figure 5.1. Coordination of foreign and security policy making in Japan

141

Figure 5.2. Actors involved in arms procurement decision making in the Japan Defense Agency and the Self-Defense Forces

144

Figure 5.3. The role of the Japanese Central Procurement Office in the arms procurement decision-making process

145

Figure 5.4. The organization of the Japanese Technical Research and Development Institute

153

Figure 5.5. Flow-chart of defence R&D planning in Japan

156

6. South Korea

177

(34)

Jong Chul Choi

I. Introduction

177

(2)

II. The arms procurement decision-making process

179

(23)

III. Problems with the arms procurement process and recommendations

202

(7)

IV. Conclusions: short-and long-term developments

209

Table 6.1. Major activities of the force improvement plan, 1974-94

183

Table 6.2. Major arms to be procured under the Mid-Term National Defense Plan for 2001

184

Table 6.3. Procurement by source: domestic, foreign and US, 1988-94

185

Table 6.4. Defence R&D investment in South Korea, 1970-95

192

Table 6.5. South Korean imports of major conventional weapons, 1980-96

193

Table 6.6. Rank of offset preferences based on technological merit

197

Table 6.7. Technology assessment for domestic R&D

198

Table 6.8. Methods of arms acquisitions in South Korea, 1970-

200

Table 6.9. Designated defence products and contractors, 1996

201

Table 6.10. Time span of the arms procurement decision-making process

204

Table 6.11. Offset rates provided by the 50 largest US arms exporting companies, 1980-87

205

Table 6.12. Comparison of offset rates and directed buy-back requirement in the F/A-18 co-production programmes

206

Figure 6.1. South Korea's National Defense Planning and Management System

180

Figure 6.2. Main stages in South Korea's arms procurement process

187

7. Thailand

211

(31)

Panitan Wattanayagorn

I. Introduction

211

(1)

II. The arms procurement decision-making process

212

(11)

III. Arms procurement programmes

223

(3)

IV. Problems with the existing structure

226

(2)

V. Factors affecting arms procurement

228

(6)

VI. An `ideal type' of process

234

(6)

VII. Conclusions

240

Table 7.1. Equipment holdings of the armed forces of Thailand and its neighbouring countries, as of 1 August 1996

225

Table 7.2. The Thai Ministry of Defence budget, 1982-97

229

Table 7.3. Costs of the Thai equipment procurement and force modernization programmes, 1997

230

Table 7.4. Breakdown of the Thai Ministry of Defence budget, 1982, 1985 and 1990

231

Table 7.5. Breakdown of the Thai Ministry of Defence budget, 1992-95

232

Figure 7.1. The arms procurement structure in the Thai armed services

214

Figure 7.2. The arms procurement structure at the Thai Supreme Command Headquarters

215

Figure 7.3. The arms procurement structure at the Thai Ministry of Defence

216

Figure 7.4. The arms procurement structure in the Thai Parliament and Cabinet

217

Figure 7.5. A Model arms procurement structure for the Thai military

236

Figure 7.6. A Model arms procurement structure for the Thai Parliament

237

8. Comparative analysis

242

(35)

Ravinder Pal Singh

I. Introduction

242

(1)

II. Military and politico-security issues

243

(7)

III. Defence budgets, financial planning and audit

250

(5)

IV. Techno-industrial issues

255

(8)

V. Organizational behaviour and public-interest issues

263

(8)

VI. Conclusions

271

Table 8.1. Manpower ratios and personnel costs in Indian and Japanese R&D institutes

257

Table 8.2. High-technology engineering exports to the USA from China and India, 1991

260

Annexe A. Research questions

277

(20)

Annexe B. Abstracts

297

(10)

Annexe C. About the contributors

307

(8)

Index

315

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Arms Procurement Decision Making Volume 1: China, India, Israel, Japan, South Korea and Thailand

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