Arsenic Pollution A Global Synthesis

Arsenic Pollution summarizes the most current research on the distribution and causes of arsenic pollution, its impact on health and agriculture, and solutions by way of water supply, treatment, and water resource management. Provides the first global and interdisciplinary account of arsenic pollution occurrences Integrates geochemistry, hydrology, agriculture, and water supply and treatment for the first time Options are highlighted for developing alternative water sources and methods for arsenic testing and removal Appeals to specialists in one discipline seeking an overview of the work being done in other disciplines

Peter Ravenscroft is a Research Associate at the University of Cambridge and a hydrogeologist with extensive international experience in Asia, Africa, the Caribbean and Europe. He spent more than 10 years working in Bangladesh, where his involvement in research into the extent and causes of arsenic pollution in that country became the basis for this book. He co-authored the first book on groundwater resources in Bangladesh.

Hugh Brammer spent 22 years with FAO in East Pakistan/Bangladesh, first as a soil surveyor then as an agricultural development adviser. Following retirement, he was a visiting consultant for a further seven years, inter alia for the Bangladesh Flood Action Plan, and wrote seven books on Bangladesh's physical environment and agriculture.

Keith Richards is a fluvial geomorphologist and Professor of Geography at the University of Cambridge. He has research interests and experience in catchment and river processes and their management in Europe, Central America, India, Africa and China, and has been Director of the Scott Polar Research Institute and a Vice President (Research) of the RGS-IBG. He has authored and edited several books, and published over 150 academic papers.

List of Figures	p. ix
List of Tables	p. xiv
Series Editors' Preface	p. xix
Acknowledgements	p. xx
Preface	p. xxii
List of Abbreviations	p. xxv
Glossary	p. xxviii
Introduction	p. 1
Background	p. 1
The Nature of Arsenic Pollution	p. 2
History of Natural Arsenic Contamination	p. 3
Arsenic Pollution	p. 9
Risk, Perception and Social Impacts	p. 19
Water-supply Mitigation	p. 21
Structure and Scope of the Book	p. 22
Hydrogeochemistry of Arsenic	p. 25
Introduction	p. 25
The Chemistry of Normal and Arsenic-rich Groundwaters	p. 29
Adsorption and Desorption of Arsenic	p. 31
The Role of Sulphur in Strongly Reducing Groundwater	p. 43
Arsenic and Microbial Activity	p. 46
Arsenic Mobilisation Mechanisms	p. 47
Associations of Arsenic with other Trace Elements	p. 61
Arsenic Pollution and Mining	p. 64
Summary	p. 66
Analysis of Arsenic in Natural Waters	p. 66
The Hydrogeology of Arsenic	p. 73
Introduction	p. 73
Arsenic in Rocks and Sediments	p. 74
Arsenic in River Water and Sediment	p. 74
Geo-environmental Associations of Arsenic in Groundwater	p. 78
Geochemical Processes in their Geological Context	p. 85
Behaviour of Arsenic in Aquifers	p. 92
Case Histories of Arsenic-affected Aquifers	p. 102
Implications of Long-term Pumping of Arsenic Contaminated Groundwater	p. 109
Summary and Conclusions	p. 114
Soils and Agriculture	p. 118
Introduction	p. 118
Arsenic in Soils	p. 119
Irrigation with Arsenic-contaminated Water	p. 130
Arsenic Uptake by Plants	p. 134
Options for Arsenic Management	p. 147
Research and Development Needs	p. 154
Health Effects of Arsenic in Drinking Water and Food	p. 157
Introduction	p. 157
A Short History of the Health Effects of Chronic Arsenic Poisoning	p. 158
Toxicity of Arsenic Compounds	p. 159
Environmental Exposure to Arsenic	p. 162
Acute Arsenic Poisoning	p. 176
Dermatological Manifestations	p. 177
Carcinogenic Effects	p. 181
Systemic Non-carcinogenic Effects	p. 184
Social and Psychological Effects	p. 190
Effect or Other Toxic and Trace Elements	p. 191
Geographical Differences in Health Effects	p. 192
Case History of Arsenic Exposure in Murshidabad District, West Bengal	p. 200
Diagnosis and Treatment of Arsenicosis	p. 202
Removing Exposure to Arsenic	p. 206
Summary and Recommendations	p. 208
Water-supply Mitigation	p. 213
Introduction	p. 213
Approaches to Water-supply Mitigation	p. 214
Surveys of Arsenic Affected Areas	p. 217
Exploiting Safe Groundwater Sources	p. 226
Developing Surface-water Sources	p. 239
Arsenic in Water Distribution Networks	p. 242
Socio-economic Aspects Mitigation	p. 243
Policy and Planning Initiatives	p. 249
Monitoring and Evaluation of Water-supply Mitigation Programmes	p. 254
Summary	p. 256
Arsenic Survey Procedures	p. 257
Removing Arsenic from Drinking Water	p. 261
Introduction	p. 261
Water Quality Issues	p. 262
Methods of Arsenic Removal	p. 266
Aquifer Clean-up	p. 285
Disposing of Waste from Treatment Processes	p. 287
Examples and Operational Experience of Arsenic Removal Technologies	p. 288
Costs of Arsenic Removal	p. 302
Guidance for Selecting Treatment Methods and Technologies	p. 308
Case Study of Water Treatment Requirements in Bangladesh	p. 314
Future Needs	p. 315
Arsenic in Asia	p. 318
Introduction	p. 318
South Asia	p. 323
Southeast Asia	p. 355
China	p. 362
East Asia	p. 371
Western, Central and Northern Asia	p. 374
Suspect Terrain and Research Needs	p. 378
The British Geological Survey Court Case	p. 382
Arsenic in North America and Europe	p. 387
Introduction	p. 387
United States of America and Canada	p. 387
Mexico	p. 422
Europe	p. 426
Suspect Terrain and Research Needs	p. 451
Arsenic in South and Central America, Africa, Australasia and Oceania	p. 455
Introduction	p. 455
South and Central America	p. 455
Africa	p. 475
Australasia	p. 480
Arsenic in the Ocean Basins	p. 485
Suspect Terrain and Research Needs	p. 485
Synthesis, Conclusions and Recommendations	p. 492
Scale and Impact of Arsenic Pollution	p. 492
Chemistry, Cause and Prediction	p. 503
Agricultural Impacts, Prospects and Needs	p. 508
Water-supply Mitigation	p. 511
Sustainability Issues	p. 518
Geographical Perspectives	p. 521
The Politics of Arsenic Pollution and Mitigation	p. 524
Ten Priority Actions	p. 526
References	p. 528
Index	p. 581
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