Aspects Of The Theory Of Morphology

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ISBN: 9783110177114 | 3110177110
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/30/2005

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The book is aimed at constructing a system of concepts for linguistic morphology. In a rigorously deductive way, these concepts are applied to the description of morphological phenomena of about 100 languages. The chapters are dedicated to such issues as grammatical case, voice, morph vs. morpheme, morphological processes, agreement and government, phonemization. Being metalinguistically oriented, the book is strongly anchored in typological studies and offers a number of descriptive case studies.

Phonemic/phonetic transcription adopted in this book

xiii

Abbreviations and notations

Introduction

(28)

The problem stated: A conceptual system for linguistic morphology

(26)

1. The goal of the book: Definitions of some important linguistic concepts

(1)

2. The theoretical framework of the book: Meaning-Text Theory

(7)

3. Characteristics of the linguistic definitions proposed

(7)

3.1. Substantive aspect of the definitions

(4)

3.2. Formal aspect of the definitions

(2)

4. Intermediate concepts used in this book

(6)

5. The structure of the book

(2)

6. Acknowledgments

(1)

Notes

(3)

PART I. The Syntax-Morphology interface

(78)

Chapter 1. Agreement, government, congruence

(76)

1. Introductory remarks

(1)

2. Three auxiliary concepts

(25)

2.1. Morphological dependency

(15)

2.1.1. Notation

(1)

2.1.2. The concept of morphological dependency: Definition 1.1

(2)

2.1.3. Comments on Definition 1.1

(11)

2.2. Agreement class

(8)

2.2.1. The concept of agreement class: Definition 1.2

(1)

2.2.2. Comments on Definition 1.2

(5)

2.2.3. Minimality of an agreement class

(1)

2.2.4. Agreement class vs. lexical class

(1)

2.3. A mirroring inflectional category: Definition 1.3

(2)

2.4. Relationships between the concepts 'agreement class,' 'mirroring category,' and 'agreement'

(1)

3. Agreement

(26)

3.1. The concept of agreement: Definition 1.4

(1)

3.2. Comments on Definition 1.4

(8)

3.3. Examples of agreement

(17)

4. Government

(6)

4.1. The concept of government: Definition 1.5

(1)

4.2. Comments on Definition 1.5

(4)

4.3. Examples of government

(2)

5. Congruence

(3)

5.1. The concept of congruence: Definition 1.6

(1)

5.2. Comments on Definition 1.6

(3)

6. Summing up

(6)

6.1. Agreement vs. government

(1)

6.2. Agreement and government in one wordform

(2)

6.3. Agreement/government and semantic dependencies

(1)

6.4. Agreement/government and syntactic dependencies

(2)

6.5. Should agreement/government be called syntactic or morphological?

(1)

6.6. Other types of morphological dependencies?

(1)

Notes

(9)

PART II. Morphology proper

107

(434)

II.1. Morphological signifieds

109

(178)

Chapter 2. Case

110

(1)

1. Introductory remarks

110

(1)

2. Three concepts of Case: Definitions 2.1-2.3

111

(3)

3. Comments on Definitions 2.1-2.3

114

(6)

4. English 'Saxon Genitive'

120

(6)

5. External autonomy of case forms

126

(8)

6. Do casesI.1b have meanings?

134

(4)

7. Taxonomy of casesI.1b

138

(12)

8. Internal autonomy of casesI.1b

150

(1)

9. Illustrative inventory of possible casesI.1b

151

(7)

10. The Russian genitive in numeral phrases: a problematic situation

158

(1)

11. 'Multiple Case'

159

(10)

11.1. Nominal agreement in caseI.2a

159

(7)

11.2. Hypostasis

166

(1)

11.3. Semantic-syntactic caseI1b combinations

167

(1)

11.4. Compound casesI.1b

167

(1)

11.5. CasesI.1a in group inflection

167

(2)

12. Main tendencies in the study of case

169

(4)

Notes

173

(8)

Chapter 3. Voice

181

(82)

1. Introductory remarks

181

(1)

2. Auxiliary concepts: Definitions 3.1-3.6

182

(8)

3. The concept of voice: Definition 3.7

190

(4)

4. Calculus of possible voices in bi-valent verbs

194

(24)

4.1. General remarks

194

(5)

4.2. Voice grammemes

199

(10)

4.3. Comments on specific topics: passive, middle, reciprocal, impersonal

209

(1)

4.3.1. The passive voice

209

(1)

4.3.2. The middle voice

213

(1)

4.3.3. Is the reciprocal a voice?

215

(1)

4.3.4. The term impersonal as applied to voices

216

(2)

5. Voice in mono- and multi-valent verbs

218

(9)

5.1. Monovalent verbs

219

(2)

5.2. Multivalent verbs

221

(1)

5.2.1. Different promotional (= full) passives

221

(1)

5.2.2. The 2/3-permutative

223

(1)

5.2.3. The indirect reflexive

226

(1)

6. Four distinct voice categories

227

(3)

7. Four inflectional categories related to voice

230

(18)

7.1. Transitivization

230

(1)

7.1.1. Introductory remarks

230

(1)

7.1.2. Concept of transitivization

231

(1)

7.1.3. Illustrations of transitivization

233

(1)

7.1.4. 'Antipassive'

235

(1)

7.2. Verbal focus

236

(6)

7.3. Affectedness

242

(2)

7.4 Inversion

244

(4)

8. Conclusions

248

(3)

8.1. Complex voice-like categories

248

(1)

8.2. 'Semantic impurity' of actual voices

249

(1)

8.3. Fickle differences between categories

250

(1)

Notes

251

(12)

Chapter 4. Case, basic verbal construction, and voice in Maasai

263

(24)

1. Introductory remarks

263

(1)

2. Case in Maasai

263

(1)

2.1. The primary data

263

(1)

2.2. The problem stated

266

(1)

2.3. The proposal: Changing the names of the cases

267

(2)

3. The basic verbal construction in Maasai

269

(7)

4. Voice in Maasai

276

(7)

Notes

283

(4)

II.2. Morphological signifiers

287

(34)

Chapter 5. Morphological processes

288

(33)

1. Introductory remarks

288

(1)

2. The characterization of morphological process

289

(5)

2.1. Auxiliary concepts

289

(1)

2.2. The concept of morphological process

290

(2)

2.3. The inherently additive character of morphological processes

292

(2)

3. Typology of morphological processes

294

(14)

3.1. Major types of linguistic signs

295

(2)

3.2. Major types of morphological processes

297

(1)

3.3. Brief survey of morphological processes

298

(1)

3.3.1. Compounding

298

(1)

3.3.2. Affixation

299

(1)

3.3.3. Suprafixation

301

(1)

3.3.4. Replication,

301

(1)

3.3.5. Modification

302

(1)

3.3.6. Conversion,

304

(2)

3.4. Hierarchies of morphological processes

306

(2)

3.5. Morphological processes and language types

308

(1)

4. A special variety of morphological processes: zero processes

308

(1)

5. Three current fallacies concerning morphological processes

309

(4)

5.1. Suppletion is not a morphological process

309

(1)

5.2. Word-creating devices are not morphological processes

310

(1)

5.3. Combinations of morphological processes, or multiple exponence

310

(3)

6. Non-uniqueness of morphological solutions: methodological principles

313

(5)

6.1. A morphological process or a (meaningless) morphological means?

313

(2)

6.2. Which morphological process?

315

(3)

Notes

318

(3)

II.3. Morphological syntactics

321

(62)

Chapter 6. Gender and noun class

322

(61)

1. Introductory remarks

322

(1)

2. Gender1 vs. Class1

323

(1)

3. Gender1

324

(22)

3.1. The concept of gender1: Definition 6.1

324

(1)

3.2. Comments on Definition 6.1

325

(5)

3.3. Examples of gender1 systems

330

(4)

3.4. Semantic motivation of genders1

334

(2)

3.5. Gender1 neutralization

336

(3)

3.6. Marked/unmarked character of genders1

339

(2)

3.7. Problematic genders1: two case studies

341

(4)

3.8. Double noun classification

345

(1)

4. (Noun) class!

346

(25)

4.1. The concept of noun class1: Definition 6.2

346

(1)

4.2. Comments on Definition 6.2

347

(2)

4.3. Examples of class1 systems

349

(18)

4.4. Establishing a noun class1 system: a methodological problem

367

(4)

5. Genders1, classes1 or neither? Three case studies

371

(7)

6. Syntactic genders1/classes1 vs. morphological genders1/classes1

378

(1)

Notes

379

(4)

II.4. Morphological signs

383

(134)

Chapter 7. Morph and morpheme

384

(21)

1 . Introductory remarks

384

(1)

2. Definitions of the concepts 'morph' and 'morpheme'

384

(5)

3. Comments on morphs and morphemes

389

(10)

3.1. Morph and quasimorph

389

(1)

3.2. Morpheme

390

(7)

3.3. Allomorphs

397

(2)

4. Discussion of the concepts introduced

399

(4)

4.1. What is the use of the proposed concept of morpheme?

399

(1)

4.2. Fused expression of two or more morphemes: megamorph

400

(1)

4.3. A difficulty in the definition of morpheme

401

(2)

Notes

403

(2)

Chapter 8. Suppletion

405

(64)

1. Introductory remarks

405

(1)

2. The concept of suppletion

405

(15)

2.1. An informal characterization of suppletion

405

(2)

2.2. A rigorous definition of suppletion: Definition 8.3

407

(3)

2.3. Examples of suppletion

410

(2)

2.4. Comments on Definition 8.3

412

(1)

2.4.1. The rationale for the conditions in Definition 8.3

413

(1)

2.4.2. Definition 8.3 vs. traditional definitions of suppletion

415

(1)

2.4.3. The gradable character of suppletion

418

(2)

3. The typology of suppletion

420

(23)

3.1. Types of signs standing in a relation of suppletion

420

(18)

3.2. Degrees of suppletion

438

(1)

3.2.1. The regularity of the semantic relation between suppletive signs

438

(1)

3.2.2. The irregularity of the formal relation between suppletive signs

440

(1)

3.2.3. The similarity of the signifiers of suppletive signs

440

(3)

4. Suppletion: five case studies

443

(7)

4.1. 'Suppletion of stems'

443

(1)

4.2. Suppletion of verbal roots according to the number of the Subject or Object

444

(4)

4.3. Number suppletion in personal pronouns?

448

(1)

4.4. Suppletion of Russian verbal aspectual stems

449

(1)

4.5. Are Russian suffixes of inhabitant suppletive (with respect to each other)?

449

(1)

5. The theoretical importance of suppletion

450

(4)

5.1. Typical domains of suppletion

450

(3)

5.2. Suppletion and phraseologization

453

(1)

6. Suppletion viewed diachronically

454

(4)

6.1. The rise of suppletion in languages

454

(1)

6.2. The diachronic evolution of suppletive forms

455

(3)

7. Pseudo-suppletion: a related concept

458

(2)

Notes

460

(9)

Chapter 9. Zero sign in morphology

469

(48)

1. The concept of zero sign

469

(1)

2. The Zero Sign Introduction Principle

470

(1)

3. Comments on the concept of zero sign

471

(17)

3.1. Different types of zero signs

471

(5)

3.2. The requirement of non-zero alternants

476

(1)

3.3. Empty zero signs

477

(1)

3.4. Zero sign as a last resort

478

(2)

3.5. Zero signs and parasitic formations

480

(2)

3.6. Irrelevant overt distinctions accompanying zeroes

482

(3)

3.7. No non-contrastive zeroes

485

(2)

3.8. Different zero signs in the same position and adjacent zero signs

487

(1)

4. A zero sign or an ellipsis?

488

(4)

5. Morphological ellipsis

492

(12)

5.1. Morphological ellipsis and related concepts

493

(2)

5.2. Illustrations of morphological ellipses

495

(3)

5.3. An alternative description of the same facts?

498

(2)

5.4. Truncation alternation: a phenomenon similar to morphological ellipsis

500

(4)

6. The impossibility of derivational zero signs

504

(1)

7. Language zeroes vs. linguist's zeroes

505

(2)

Annex: Common examples of zero signs

507

(1)

Notes

508

(9)

Chapter 10. The structure of linguistic signs and semantic-formal relations between them

517

(24)

1. The structure of a linguistic sign

517

(1)

2. Seventeen possible types of semantic-formal relations between linguistic signs

518

(3)

3. Greater/lesser complexity in relations between linguistic signs

521

(2)

4. Illustrations of the 17 types of semantic-formal relations between linguistic signs

523

(14)

Notes

537

(4)

PART III. The Morphology-Phonology Interface

541

(28)

Chapter 11. The phonemic status of Spanish semivowels

543

(20)

1. Introductory remarks

543

(1)

2. The phonetic data

544

(3)

3. The phonemicization problem in general

547

(1)

4. Phonemic status of the Spanish semivowels [i]/[j] and [u]/[w]

548

(11)

4.1. The Spanish semivowels are not allophones of the vowels /i/ and /u/

548

(5)

4.2. The Spanish semivowels are not allophones of the consonants /j/ and /w/

553

(2)

4.3. The Spanish semivowels are allophones of glides

555

(1)

4.4. Advantages of the solution proposed

556

(1)

4.5. Review of Spanish phonemes in the «i» and «u» series

557

(2)

Notes

559

(4)

Conclusion

563

(6)

Results and perspectives

563

(6)

1. Results

564

(2)

1.1. Concepts defined

564

(1)

1.2. Statements about languages

564

(1)

1.3. Methodological principles

565

(1)

2. Perspectives

566

(3)

2.1. The Syntax-Morphology interface

566

(1)

2.2. Morphology proper

567

(1)

2.3 The Morphology-Phonology interface

567

(2)

References

569

(28)

Language index

597

(11)

Subject and term index

608

(8)

Definition index

616

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Aspects Of The Theory Of Morphology

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