Astronomical Spectrographs and their History

, by John Hearnshaw

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ISBN: 9780521882576 | 0521882575
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/23/2009

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Preface	p. ix
Acknowledgements	p. xi
The historical development of astronomical spectroscopes and spectrographs	p. 1
Colour, refrangibility and wavelength	p. 1
The refraction of light	p. 1
Wavelength, colour and spectral lines	p. 2
The collimator in prism spectroscopes	p. 2
Some notable astronomical prism spectroscopes of the mid nineteenth century	p. 3
Improvements in prism spectroscope design in the later nineteenth century	p. 5
Spectroscope slits	p. 10
Projected scales and automatic line recorders	p. 10
The development of the prism spectrograph	p. 11
The spectrographs of Henry Draper and William Huggins	p. 11
Further prism spectrographs: Potsdam, Paris and Lick	p. 13
The development of the diffraction grating	p. 17
Grating mountings for laboratory and astronomical spectrographs	p. 24
Concave grating mountings	p. 25
Early grating spectroscopes and spectrographs	p. 29
Early solar grating spectroscopy	p. 29
Stellar grating spectroscopy before 1900	p. 30
Astronomical grating spectrographs and their development from 1900	p. 31
Prism spectrographs in the twentieth century	p. 36
References	p. 42
The theory of spectroscopes and spectrographs	p. 46
General properties of a spectrograph	p. 46
The spectrograph figure of merit	p. 46
Resolving power and throughput of prism instruments	p. 48
Dispersive properties of prisms and the diffraction-limited resolving power	p. 48
Slit-limited resolving power of prism spectrographs	p. 50
Properties of glasses used in prisms	p. 52
Prism spectrograph throughput	p. 53
Figure of merit for prism spectrographs	p. 54
Resolving power and throughput of diffraction grating spectrographs	p. 55
The diffraction-grating equation and angular dispersion	p. 55
Fourier analysis of diffraction gratings	p. 56
Diffraction-limited resolving power of a grating	p. 57
Slit-limited resolving power of grating spectrographs	p. 58
Comparison of the figure of merit of prism and grating spectrographs	p. 60
Cameras and detectors: some simple requirements	p. 60
Reciprocal dispersion and free spectral range	p. 61
Detector resolution and the Nyquist sampling theorem	p. 62
Number of detector pixels required	p. 63
Grating efficiency, shadowing and the quasi-Littrow angle	p. 63
Gratings not illuminated in the normal plane	p. 66
The grism as a dispersing element	p. 67
Some miscellaneous aspects of spectrograph design	p. 68
Baranne's white pupil concept	p. 68
Some general principles of spectrograph design	p. 69
References	p. 70
High resolution spectrographs	p. 72
Theory of the coudé spectrograph	p. 72
History of the coudé spectrograph	p. 73
Early coudé refractors	p. 73
Coudé prism spectrographs at Mt Wilson	p. 73
The coudé grating spectrograph with Schmidt cameras	p. 74
New coudé spectrographs	p. 75
The image slicer in high resolution spectroscopy	p. 79
Theory of the échelle spectrograph	p. 81
Line tilt in échelles	p. 83
Efficiency of échelles as a function of ¿ and ¿	p. 84
Historical development of échelle spectrographs	p. 86
Coudé échelle spectrographs	p. 86
Cassegrain échelle spectrographs	p. 88
Fibre-fed échelle spectrographs	p. 88
References	p. 93
Solar spectrographs and the history of solar spectroscopy	p. 96
Spectroscopy of the solar chromosphere	p. 96
The discovery of helium	p. 96
The structure of prominences revealed	p. 100
The measurement of solar spectrum wavelengths	p. 101
Solar wavelengths from Fraunhofer's gratings	p. 101
Kirchhoff's drawing of the solar spectrum	p. 102
New grating measurements from Ångström and others	p. 102
Henry Rowland and the concave grating	p. 103
The revision of the Rowland scale	p. 105
Hale and Deslandres and the spectroheliograph	p. 105
Hale and the dedicated solar spectrograph and observatory	p. 113
Further developments in solar spectrographs and telescopes	p. 117
The work of Francis and Robert McMath	p. 120
New innovations in solar spectroscopy, 1940-1965	p. 121
Photoelectric recording of the solar spectrum	p. 121
Lead sulphide cells and the solar infrared	p. 122
First use of the échelle grating for solar spectroscopy	p. 125
Solar ultraviolet spectroscopy from rockets	p. 128
The solar vacuum spectrograph	p. 129
The double-pass solar spectrograph	p. 131
The McMath solar telescope and spectrograph at Kitt Peak	p. 133
Concluding remarks on solar spectrographs	p. 136
References	p. 136
Objective prism spectrographs	p. 140
Theory of the objective prism spectrograph	p. 140
The history of objective prism spectroscopy	p. 143
Objective prism spectroscopy in the nineteenth century	p. 143
Objective prism astrographs in the twentieth century	p. 146
Spectrophotometry with objective prism astrographs	p. 149
Objective prism radial velocities	p. 152
Objective prism surveys with Schmidt telescopes	p. 155
References	p. 159
Ultraviolet and nebular spectroscopy	p. 162
Ultraviolet and nebular spectroscopy	p. 162
Henry Draper and William Huggins, pioneers in ultraviolet stellar spectroscopy	p. 162
Ultraviolet spectrographs at Lick Observatory	p. 164
Cameras for nebular and ultraviolet spectrographs	p. 165
Nebular slit spectrographs at Yerkes and McDonald observatories	p. 167
Ultraviolet spectroscopy with aluminized reflectors and Schmidt cameras	p. 167
Ultraviolet spectroscopy from above the Earth's atmosphere	p. 169
Some technical aspects of ultraviolet spectroscopy	p. 169
Ultraviolet spectroscopy from rockets and balloons	p. 170
The Orbiting Astronomical Observatories	p. 175
Ultraviolet spectroscopy with Europe's TD-1 satellite	p. 177
The International Ultraviolet Explorer	p. 178
Ultraviolet spectroscopy from manned spacecraft	p. 179
References	p. 182
Multi-object spectrographs	p. 184
Low resolution multi-object spectroscopy	p. 184
Aperture plate multi-object spectroscopy	p. 184
Multi-object spectroscopy using optical fibres and aperture plates	p. 185
Multi-object spectroscopy with automated fibre positioning	p. 190
Spectroscopy with an integral field unit	p. 193
References	p. 193
Ten pioneering spectrographs of the late twentieth century	p. 195
Introduction to spectrographs of the late twentieth century	p. 195
The ESO faint object spectrograph and camera: EFOSC	p. 195
The Keck High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer: HIRES	p. 196
The Keck Low Resolution Imaging Spectrometer: LRIS	p. 200
ELODIE at Haute-Provence	p. 201
The 2dF spectrographs at the Anglo-Australian telescope	p. 203
The Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph: STIS	p. 205
The Ultraviolet Echelle Spectrograph at ESO Paranal: UVES	p. 206
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey spectrographs	p. 208
The Hercules spectrograph at Mt John	p. 210
HARPS, the high accuracy radial-velocity planet searcher	p. 211
References	p. 212
Figure sources and acknowledgements	p. 214
Name index	p. 220
Subject index	p. 223
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Astronomical Spectrographs and their History

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Astronomical Spectrographs and their History

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