Athens: Its Rise and Fall: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People

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ISBN: 9780415320870 | 0415320879
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 5/17/2004

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Sir Edward Bulwer-Lytton was once Britain's most famous historical novelist, rivalling and outselling Dickens in his day. His best-known book wasThe Last Days of Pompeii; yet he was also responsible for a great work of history. Athens: Its Rise and Fall, originally published in 1837, is the most important and readable of the Victorian histories of ancient Greece. It stands alongside Macauley and Carlyle as a great historical work of British Romanticism, and anticipates the thinking of George Grote and John Stuart Mill on Greek history by over a decade. 2003 is the bicentenary of Bulwer-Lytton's birth. To celebrate, Routledge is reissuing this influential work. This new edition will include the text of a never-before published "third volume", recently discovered by Oxford academic Oswyn Murray.

List of illustrations

xiv

Welcome

Preface

xvi

Introduction A lost school of history: ancient Greece in the age of reform

(35)

The dandy---Enlightenment Greece---The reign of Mitford---Radical history---Athens versus Sparta---Romantic history---Utilitarian history

Dedication

(2)

(3)

BOOK I From the earliest period to the legislation of Solon to BC 594

(136)

Chapter I

(40)

Situation and soil of Attica---the Pelasgians its earliest inhabitants---their race and language akin to the Grecian---their varying civilization and architectural remains---Cecrops---were the earliest civilizers of Greece foreigners or Greeks?---the foundation of Athens---the improvements attributed to Cecrops---the religion of the Greeks cannot be reduced to a simple system---its influence upon their character and morals, arts, and poetry---the origin of slavery and aristocracy

Chapter II

(12)

The unimportant consequences to be deduced from the admission that Cecrops might be Egyptian---Attic kings before Theseus---the Hellenes---their genealogy---Ionians and Achaeans Pelasgic---contrast between Dorians and Ionians---Amphictyonic League

Chapter III

(11)

The heroic age---Theseus---his legislative influence upon Athens---qualities of the Greek heroes---effect of a traditional age upon the character of a people

Chapter IV

106

(4)

The successors of Theseus---the fate of Codrus---the emigration of Nileus---the archons---Draco

Chapter V

110

(15)

A general survey of Greece and the East previous to the time of Solon---the Grecian colonies---the isles---brief account of the states on the continent---Elis and the Olympic Games

Chapter VI

125

(22)

Return of the Heraclidae---the Spartan constitution and habits---the first and second Messenian war

Chapter VII

147

(8)

Governments in Greece

Chapter VIII

155

(22)

Brief survey of arts, letters, and philosophy in Greece, prior to the legislation of Solon

BOOK II From the legislation of Solon to the battle of Marathon, BC 594--BC 490

177

(78)

Chapter I

179

(22)

The conspiracy of Cylon---loss of Salamis---first appearance of Solon---success against the Megarians in the struggle for Salamis---Cirrhaean war---Epimenides---political state of Athens---character of Solon---his legislation---general view of the Athenian constitution

Chapter II

201

(12)

The departure of Solon from Athens---the rise of Pisistratus---return of Solon---his conduct and death---the second and third tyranny of Pisistratus---capture of Sigeum---colony in the Chersonesus founded by the first Miltiades---death of Pisistratus

Chapter III

213

(20)

The administration of Hippias---the conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogiton---the death of Hipparchus---cruelties of Hippias---the young Miltiades sent to the Chersonesus---the Spartans combine with the Alcmaeonidae against Hippias---the fall of the tyranny---the innovations of Clisthenes---his expulsion and restoration---embassy to the satrap of Sardis---retrospective view of the Lydian, Median, and Persian monarchies---result of the Athenian embassy to Sardis---conduct of Cleomenes---victory of the Athenians against the Boeotians and Chalcidians---Hippias arrives at Sparta---the speech of Sosicles the Corinthian---Hippias retires to Sardis

Chapter IV

233

(14)

Histiaeus, tyrant of Miletus, removed to Persia---the government of that city deputed to Aristagoras, who invades Naxos with the aid of the Persians---ill success of that expedition---Aristagoras resolves upon revolting from the Persians---repairs to Sparta and to Athens---the Athenians and Eretrians induced to assist the Ionians---burning of Sardis---the Ionian war---the fate of Aristagoras---naval battle of Lade---fall of Miletus---reduction of Ionia---Miltiades---his character---Mardonius replaces Artaphernes in the Lydian satrapy---hostilities between AEgina and Athens---conduct of Cleomenes---Demaratus deposed---death of Cleomenes---new Persian expedition

Chapter V

247

(8)

The Persian generals enter Europe---invasion of Naxos, Carystus, Eretria---the Athenians demand the aid of Sparta---the result of their mission and the adventure of their messenger---the Persians advance to Marathon---the plain described---division of opinion in the Athenian camp---the advice of Miltiades prevails---the dream of Hippias---battle of Marathon

BOOK III From the battle of Marathon to the battles of Plataea and Mycale, BC 490--BC 479

255

(106)

Chapter I

257

(5)

The character and popularity of Miltiades---naval expedition---siege of Paros---conduct of Miltiades---he is accused and sentenced---his death

Chapter II

262

(22)

The Athenian tragedy---its origin---Thespis---Phrynichus---AEschylus---analysis of the tragedies of AEschylus

Chapter III

284

(9)

Aristides---his character and position---the rise of Themistocles---Aristides is ostracized---the ostracism examined---the influence of Themistocles increases---the silver-mines of Laurion---their product applied by Themistocles to the increase of the navy---new direction given to the national character

Chapter IV

293

(10)

The preparations of Darius---revolt of Egypt---dispute for the succession to the Persian throne---death of Darius---brief review of the leading events and characteristics of his reign

Chapter V

303

(8)

Xerxes conducts an expedition into Egypt---he finally resolves on the invasion of Greece---vast preparations for the conquest of Europe---Xerxes arrives at Sardis---despatches envoys to the Greek states, demanding tribute---the bridge of the Hellespont---review of the Persian armament at Abydos---Xerxes encamps at Therme

Chapter VI

311

(12)

The conduct of the Greeks---the oracle relating to Salamis---art of Themistocles---the Isthmian Congress---embassies to Argos, Crete, Corcyra, and Syracuse---their ill success---the Thessalians send envoys to the Isthmus---the Greeks advance to Tempe, but retreat---the fleet despatched to Artemisium, and the Pass of Thermopylae occupied---numbers of the Grecian fleet---battle of Thermopylae

Chapter VII

323

(18)

The advice of Demaratus to Xerxes---Themistocles---actions off Artemisium---the Greeks retreat---the Persians invade Delphi, and are repulsed with great loss---the Athenians, unaided by their allies, abandon Athens, and embark for Salamis---the irresolute and selfish policy of the Peloponnesians---dexterity and firmness of Themistocles---battle of Salamis---Andros and Carystus besieged by the Greeks---anecdotes of Themistocles---honours awarded to him in Sparta---Xerxes returns to Asia---Olynthus and Potidaea besieged by Artabazus---the Athenians return home---the ostracism of Aristides is repealed

Chapter VIII

341

(20)

Embassy of Alexander of Macedon to Athens---the result of his proposals---Athenians retreat to Salamis---Mardonius occupies Athens---the Athenians send envoys to Sparta---Pausanias succeeds Cleombrotus as regent of Sparta---battle of Plataea---Thebes besieged by the Athenians---battle of Mycale---siege of Sestos---conclusion of the Persian war

BOOK IV From the end of the Persian invasion to the death of Cimon, BC 479--BC 449

361

(86)

Chapter I

363

(19)

Remarks on the effects of war---state of Athens---interference of Sparta with respect to the fortification of Athens---dexterous conduct of Themistocles---the new harbour of the Piraeus---proposition of the Spartans in the Amphictyonic Council defeated by Themistocles---allied fleet at Cyprus and Byzantium---Pausanias---alteration in his character---his ambitious views and treason---the revolt of the Ionians from the Spartan command---Pausanias recalled---Dorcis replaces him---the Athenians rise to the head of the Ionian league---Delos made the senate and treasury of the allies---able and prudent management of Aristides---Cimon succeeds to the command of the fleet---character of Cimon---Eion besieged---Scyros colonized by Atticans---supposed discovery of the bones of Theseus---declining power of Themistocles---democratic change in the constitution---Themistocles ostracized---death of Aristides

Chapter II

382

(12)

Popularity and policy of Cimon---Naxos revolts from the Ionian league---is besieged by Cimon---conspiracy and fate of Pausanias---flight and adventures of Themistocles---his death

Chapter III

394

(15)

Reduction of Naxos---battle of Eurymedon---actions off Cyprus---manners of Cimon---improvements in Athens---colony at the Nine Ways---siege of Thasos---earthquake in Sparta---revolt of Helots, occupation of Ithome, and third Messenian war---rise and character of Pericles---prosecution and acquittal of Cimon---the Athenians assist the Spartans at Ithome---Thasos surrenders---breach between the Athenians and Spartans---constitutional innovations at Athens---ostracism of Cimon

Chapter IV

409

(16)

War between Megara and Corinth---Megara and Pegae garrisoned by Athenians---review of affairs at the Persian court---accession of Artaxerxes---revolt of Egypt under Inarus---Athenian expedition to assist Inarus---AEgina besieged---the Corinthians defeated---Spartan conspiracy with the Athenian oligarchy---battle of Tanagra---campaign and successes of Myronides---plot of the oligarchy against the republic---recall of Cimon---long walls completed---AEgina reduced---expedition under Tolmides---Ithome surrenders---the insurgents are settled at Naupactus---disastrous termination of the Egyptian expedition---the Athenians march into Thessaly to restore Orestes the Tagus---campaign under Pericles---truce of five years with the Peloponnesians---Cimon sets sail for Cyprus---pretended treaty of peace with Persia---death of Cimon

Chapter V

425

(22)

Change of manners in Athens---begun under the Pisistratidae---effects of the Persian war, and the intimate connexion with Ionia---the Hetaerae---the political eminence lately acquired by Athens---the transfer of the treasury from Delos to Athens---latent dangers and evils---first, the artificial greatness of Athens not supported by natural strength---second, her pernicious reliance on tribute---third, deterioration of national spirit commenced by Cimon in the use of bribes and public tables---fourth, defects in popular courts of law---progress of general education---history---its Ionian origin---early historians---Acusilaus---Cadmus---Eugeon---Hellanicus---Pherecydes---Xanthus---view of the life and writings of Herodotus---progress of philosophy since Thales---philosophers of the Ionian and Eleatic schools---Pythagoras---his philosophical tenets and political influence---effect of these philosophers on Athens---school of political philosophy continued in Athens from the time of Solon---Anaxagoras---Archelaus---philosophy not a thing apart from the ordinary life of the Athenians

BOOK V From the death of Cimon, BC 449, to the death of Pericles, in the third year of the Peloponnesian war, BC 429

447

(78)

Chapter I

449

(7)

Thucydides chosen by the aristocratic party to oppose Pericles---his policy---munificence of Pericles---Sacred war---battle of Coronea---revolt of Euboea and Megara---invasion and retreat of the Peloponnesians---reduction of Euboea---punishment of Histiaea---a thirty years' truce concluded with the Peloponnesians---ostracism of Thucydides

Chapter II

456

(20)

Causes of the power of Pericles---judicial courts of the dependent allies transferred to Athens---sketch of the Athenian revenues---public buildings the work of the people rather than of Pericles---vices and greatness of Athens had the same sources---principle of payment characterizes the policy of the period---it is the policy of civilization---colonization, cleruchiae

Chapter III

476

(11)

Revision of the census---Samian war---sketch of the rise and progress of the Athenian comedy to the time of Aristophanes

Chapter IV

487

(38)

The tragedies of Sophocles

BOOK VI (a fragment) From the start of the Peloponnesian war to the battle of Delium, BC 432/1--BC 424/3

525

(71)

Oswyn Murray

Introduction

527

(6)

Chapter I

533

(10)

Introduction---events leading to war---the Athenian character---speeches in Thucydides---the night attack on Plataea---the nature of Greek city government---preparations for the siege---reflections on the true causes of the war

Chapter II

543

(7)

Preparations for war---omens---the Peloponnesian strength---the Athenian---Peloponnesian army assemble at the Isthmus---Archidamus sends a messenger to Athens who is refused an audience---Pericles commander-in-chief persuades the Athenians to desert their farms and villages---sketch of Athenian rural life---effects of crowding the population within the walls---Archidamus invades Attica---resentment and agitation of the Athenians---first public appearance of Cleon the demagogue---wisdom of Pericles and retreat of Archidamus---retaliations of the Athenians---siege of Methone---the rise of Brasidas---operations at Phia and Sollium---Astacus and Cephallenia---incursions on the Locrians---fortification of Atalante, and expulsion of the AEginetans to whom Sparta gives refuge in Thyrea---alliance with Sitalces and reconciliation with Perdiccas---invasion of Megara---funeral at the Ceramicus---the celebrated oration of Pericles---eclipse of the sun---the ``Medea'' of Euripides

Chapter III

550

(10)

The plague---physical symptoms---moral degeneration---Athenian expeditions---Pericles is blamed---his speech in reply---he is fined---further activities---death of Pericles

Chapter IV

560

(8)

The rise of the trading classes---the demagogues---Cleon---the opposition of the wellborn---the timidity of Nicias---the revolt of Lesbos---the fate of Mitylene---the true nature of cleruchiae---the fate of Plataea

Chapter V

568

(5)

The effects of faction---Sparta and Athens---Corcyra---other actions---the purification of Delos

Chapter VI

573

(17)

The invasion of Agis is cut short by news of Pylus---The Athenian expedition to Sicily stops at Pylus---Pylus is fortified---the reaction of the Spartans---the battle for Pylus and the return of the Athenian fleet---the Spartans on Sphacteria are cut off---dismay at Sparta---the embassy to Athens---reflections on the situation---Cleon's response---the siege---Cleon accepts command---the assault on Sphacteria and the surrender of the Spartans---the end of the affair---Cleon vindicated

Chapter VII

590

(2)

Capture of Cythera---expedition to Thyrea by Nicias---the fate of the prisoners---Hippocrates' attack on Megara---the capture of Nisaea---the arrival of Brasidas---the Delium campaign---the character of Brasidas

Chapter VIII

592

(4)

Bibliography of works cited by the author

596

(3)

Index

599

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Athens: Its Rise and Fall: With Views of the Literature, Philosophy, and Social Life of the Athenian People

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