The Atlas of U.S. and Canadian Environmental

From the transformation of wilderness into farmland to today's environmental diplomacy, this visually exciting atlas analyzes the role of the environment on the social history of the US and Canada. Color maps, photographs, and charts help explain how the environment influenced human behavior while being transformed by it. Each chapter features detailed, scholarly essays on agriculture, wildlife, forestry, land use, technology, industry, pollution, human habitats, ideology, and politics. Also included are sidebars and bibliographies. Written in a clear, accessible language, this unique reference throws light on all major environmental issues and policies past and present. Also includes 46 color maps.

Preface

vii

European Exploration and the Colonial Era (1492--1770s)

Introduction

2

(2)

Columbian Exchange

4

(2)

Domestication of the Land: From Wilderness to Farmland

6

(2)

Early American and Canadian Forests

8

(2)

European Exploitation and Mapping the Land

10

(2)

Commodification of Nature: Export of Resources to the Old World

12

(2)

Pre-Contact: Indigenous Populations in the United States and Canada

14

(2)

Spanish in Florida and the Southwest

16

(2)

New England Agrarian Commonwealths

18

(2)

Chesapeake Bay Region: Early Tobacco South

20

(2)

The Seigneurial System in New France

22

(2)

Relationship to the Land: Indigenous and European Views

24

(2)

Expansion and Conflict (1770s--1850s)

Introduction

26

(2)

Farming in Southern Ontario

28

(2)

Plantation Economy and Labor in the U.S. South

30

(2)

The Fur Trade

32

(2)

Great Lakes Timber

34

(2)

Extermination of the Buffalo

36

(2)

Public Land Policies: The U.S. Experience

38

(2)

Crown Land Policies: The Canadian Experience

40

(2)

The Age of Wood

42

(2)

The Transportation Revolution

44

(2)

Native Americans: Reservations and Relocations in the United States

46

(2)

Canada's First Nations

48

(2)

The Return to Nature: Transcendentalism and Utopian Communities

50

(2)

Manifest Destiny and the Politics of U.S. Western Expansion

52

(2)

Landscape of Industrialization (1850s--1920s)

Introduction

54

(2)

Agricultural Innovations and Technology

56

(2)

The Frontier: Cattle Ranching

58

(2)

Harvesting the Pacific Northwest Forests

60

(2)

Rebirth of American Forests

62

(2)

Exploitation of Raw Materials for Industry

64

(2)

Gold and Silver Mining in the West

66

(2)

The Impact of the Civil War

68

(2)

Transcontinental Railroads

70

(2)

Iron and Steel Production

72

(2)

Water Supply and Wastewater Disposal in the United States

74

(2)

Water Supply and Pollution in Canada

76

(2)

Urbanization: Population Shifts and Migration Patterns

78

(2)

The Built Environment in the City

80

(2)

Social Darwinism and ``Survival of the Fittest'' in the United States

82

(2)

City Beautiful Movement

84

(2)

Romanticism of Nature: American and Canadian Writers and Artists

86

(2)

The Conservation Era (1880s--1920s)

Introduction

88

(2)

Irrigation and Farming in the United States and Canada

90

(2)

Forest Management: United States Forest Service

92

(2)

Forest Management in Canada

94

(2)

The Beginning of Wildlife Preservation in Canada

96

(2)

Urban Parks and Landscape Architecture in the United States and Canada

98

(2)

Winters v. U.S. and the Development of the Doctrine of Reserved Water Rights

100

(2)

Appalachian Coal Mining

102

(2)

Petroleum and the Early Oil Industry

104

(2)

Urban Smoke Pollution in the United States

106

(2)

The Canadian Commission of Conservation: Urban Planning

108

(2)

The U.S. Conservation Movement

110

(2)

The Conservation Movement in Canada

112

(2)

The Origin of the Preservation Movement in the United States

114

(2)

The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909: An Expression of Progressivism

116

(2)

From the Depression to Atomic Power (1930s--1960s)

Introduction

118

(2)

The Dust Bowl in the Great Plains

120

(2)

Chemicalization of Agriculture in the United States

122

(2)

Game Management

124

(2)

Sustainable Forestry in British Columbia and Ontario

126

(2)

Western Dams in the United States

128

(2)

The Atom Bomb and Nuclear Power

130

(2)

Consumer Goods: Plastics and Packaging

132

(2)

The Evolution of Suburbia and the Federal Aid Highway Act

134

(2)

The Rise of the Sunbelt

136

(2)

U.S. Wilderness Recreation

138

(2)

Rachel Carson and Silent Spring

140

(2)

The Rise of the Environmental Movement (1960s--1980s)

Introduction

142

(2)

Population Growth and Consumption

144

(2)

Wilderness Act of 1964

146

(2)

The Trans--Alaska Pipeline Dispute

148

(2)

Canadian Dams and River Restorations

150

(2)

Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Cleanup

152

(2)

Contemporary Native American Land and Resource Rights in the United States

154

(2)

The Energy Crisis and Nuclear Power

156

(2)

Environmental Disasters

158

(2)

Collapse of Inner Cities and Industrial Centers

160

(2)

The Emergence of the U.S. Environmental Movement

162

(2)

Pollution Probe: The Emergence of the Canadian Environmental Movement

164

(2)

Environmental Diplomacy: The Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement

166

(2)

Anti-Environmentalism: The Sagebrush Rebellion

168

(2)

Contemporary Environmentalism (1980s--Present)

Introduction

170

(2)

Alternative Agricultural Methods

172

(2)

Sustainable Forestry in the United States

174

(2)

Protecting Endangered Species and Habitats

176

(2)

Canadian Fisheries: Loss of the Cod

178

(2)

River Restoration in the United States

180

(2)

Mississippi River Watershed

182

(2)

Public Lands: The United States

184

(2)

Public Lands: Canada

186

(2)

Industries and Regulatory Strategies

188

(2)

Drinking Water

190

(2)

Environmental Justice

192

(2)

Eco-Radicalism

194

(2)

Environmental Diplomacy: Canada, the United States, and Acid Rain

196

(2)

NAFTA and Environmental Side Agreements

198

(2)

Corporate ``Greenwashing''

200

(2)

Globalization: From Rio de Janeiro to Johannesburg

202

(2)

Timeline

204

(8)

Bibliography

212

(20)

List of Contributors

232

(2)

Index

234

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The Atlas of U.S. and Canadian Environmental History

Summary

Table of Contents

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The Atlas of U.S. and Canadian Environmental History

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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