Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances

This compilation on the degradation of 1,100 commercially important chemical products is the first publication to make this knowledge publicly accessible in one book. The data and annotations have been painstakingly assembled over a 10-year period in a collaboration between academia and regulatory authorities. The work explains in detail the methods, including computational ones, for the environmental assessment of volatile and semi-volatile substances, and is rounded off with data tables of degradation rates. A key resource for manufacturers and regulators of such substances.

Prof. Dr. Walter Klopffer studied chemistry at the Karl-Franzens-University in Graz, Austria. He then joined the Battelle Institute in Frankfurt/Main, Germany, and since 1975 he is also Professor for Physical Chemistry at the University of Mainz.
Dr. Klopffer's main fields of interest include the spectroscopy and photophysics of aromatic polymers, and the environmental assessment of chemicals (persistence, abiotic degradation) and products (Life Cycle Assessment).

Dr. Burkhard Wagner obtained a PhD in Chemistry from the University of Heidelberg, Germany. He completed a postdoctoral period at the California Institute of Technology with George Hammond before joining the German Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt), where he was the long-time section head for environmental impact assessment of chemicals.

Foreword
Preface
Significance of Photo-degradation in Environmental Risk Assessment
Introduction
Persistence and Long-range Transport Potential in Chemicals Regulation
Multimedia Models as Tools to Estimate Persistence and Long-range Transport Potential
Data Requirements for Multimedia Models
Estimation of the Rate Constant of Organic Substances with Hydroxyl Radicals
Research Requirements for Photo-degradation of Semi-volatile Substances
Conclusions
References
Abiotic Degradation in the Atmosphere
Introduction
Photo-degradation in the Homogenous Gas Phase of the Troposphere
Indirect Photochemical Reactions
The Reaction with OH-Radicals
Sources and Sinks of the OH-Radical
Reactions of OH with Organic Compounds
The Reaction with NO₃-Radicals
Sources and Sinks of the NO₃-Radical
Reactions of NO₃ with Organic Compounds
The Reaction with Ozone
Sources and Sinks of O₃ in the Troposphere
Reactions of O3 with Organic Compounds
Direct Photochemical Reactions
Quantum Efficiency
Examples of Photochemical Reactions in the Gas Phase
Heterogeneous Degradation
Degradation on Solid Surfaces
Introduction
Degradation on Fly Ash and Soot
Degradation on Artificial Aerosols
Degradation in Droplets
Direct Photochemical Transformation
Reactive Trace Compounds in Cloud, Fog and Rainwater
Reactions of Organic Molecules
Summary
Experimental
Indirect Photochemical Degradation
Bimolecular Reaction with OH
Direct Methods for Measuring k_OH
Indirect Methods for the Measurement of k_OH
Bimolecular Reaction with NO₃
Introduction
Absolute Measurement
Relative Measurements
Bimolecular Reaction with Ozone
Direct Photo-transformation
Determination of the Quantum Efficiency in the Gas Phase
Gas Cuvette and Monochromatic Radiation
Smog-chamber Method
Outlook
Degradation in the Adsorbed State
Introduction
Aerosol Chambers
Alternative Measurements of k_OH,ads
Additional Information Necessary for Calculating Lifetimes
Atmospheric Lifetimes
Indirect Photochemical Degradation
Average OH Concentration in the Troposphere
Average NO₃ Concentration in the Troposphere
Average O₃ Concentration in the Troposphere
Direct Photochemical Degradation
Introduction
Absorption Spectrum
Spectral Photon Irradiance
Final Comments on Direct and Indirect Photochemical Transformation
References
Table of Reaction Rate Constants of Photo-Degradatio
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Atmospheric Degradation of Organic Substances Persistence, Transport Potential, Spatial Range

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials