Atmospheric Science for Environmental

Climate change and air quality are two of the most pressing issues facing Mankind. This book gives undergraduate and graduate students and professionals working in the science and policy of pollution, climate change and air quality a broad and up-to-date account of our understanding of the processes that occur in the atmosphere, how these are changing as Man's relentless use of natural resources continues and what effects these changes are having on the Earth's climate and the quality of the air we breath.Written by an international team of experts, this text gives an excellent overview of our current understanding of the state of the Earth's atmosphere and how it is changing. It is an invaluable resource for students, teachers and professionals.Key features: End of chapter questions Each chapter includes both basic concepts and more in-depth material, allowing faculty to direct students accordingly Most up-to-date treatment of key issues such as stratospheric chemistry, urban air pollution, and climate change

Nick Hewitt is Professor of Atmospheric Chemistry at Lancaster University, UK. His main research interests are in understanding how the biosphere and the atmosphere interact: how emissions of trace gases from the biosphere affect the atmosphere, and how the changing atmospheric environment affects the biosphere.

Andrea Jackson is a senior lecturer of Atmospheric Chemistry within the Institute for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Leeds, UK. Her main research interests involve investigating the gas phase chemistry of oxidant species in the atmosphere and more recently the physics and chemistry of polar frost flowers and their resultant sea-salt aerosol in order to understand their impact on the atmospheric chemistry of these regions.

List of contributors	p. ix
List of abbreviations, constants and nomenclature	p. x
Preface	p. xiii
The climate of the Earth	p. 1
Basic climatology	p. 1
General atmospheric circulation	p. 3
Palaeoclimates	p. 5
Polar climates	p. 10
Temperate latitude climates	p. 14
Tropical climates	p. 17
References	p. 24
Further reading	p. 25
Questions	p. 25
Chemical evolution of the atmosphere	p. 26
Creation of the planets and their earliest atmospheres	p. 27
Earth's atmosphere before life began	p. 30
Comparison of Venus, Earth and Mars	p. 31
Life and Earth's atmosphere	p. 34
Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere	p. 38
The rise of oxygen concentrations	p. 40
Protection of life from ultraviolet radiation	p. 48
Summary	p. 51
References	p. 52
Further reading	p. 53
Questions	p. 53
Atmospheric energy and the structure of the atmosphere	p. 54
The vertical structure of Earth's atmosphere	p. 54
Solar and terrestrial radiation	p. 56
Solar radiation, ozone and the stratospheric temperature profile	p. 59
Trapping of longwave radiation	p. 61
A simple model of radiation transfer	p. 61
Light scattering	p. 64
Conduction, convection and sensible and latent heat	p. 69
The energy budget for the Earth's atmosphere	p. 74
Changes in climate and the concept of radiative forcing	p. 76
Solar radiation and the biosphere	p. 79
Summary	p. 80
References	p. 81
Further reading	p. 82
Questions	p. 82
Biogeochemical cycles	p. 83
Sources	p. 86
Sinks	p. 86
Carbon	p. 89
Nitrogen	p. 95
Sulphur	p. 97
Halogens	p. 102
Hydrogen	p. 107
Summary	p. 108
References	p. 108
Further reading	p. 110
Questions	p. 110
Answers	p. 112
Tropospheric chemistry and air pollution	p. 114
Sources of trace gases in the atmosphere	p. 114
Key processes in tropospheric chemistry	p. 117
Initiation of photochemistry by light	p. 119
Tropospheric oxidation chemistry	p. 120
Night-time oxidation chemistry	p. 128
Halogen chemistry	p. 130
Air pollution and urban chemistry	p. 134
Summary	p. 140
References	p. 142
Further reading	p. 143
Questions	p. 144
Cloud formation and chemistry	p. 146
Clouds	p. 146
Cloud formation	p. 147
Particle size and water content	p. 149
Dissolved solids in cloud water and rainfall	p. 151
Dissolution of gases	p. 152
Reactions and photochemistry	p. 158
Radical and photochemical reactions	p. 162
Summary	p. 164
References	p. 165
Further reading	p. 167
Questions	p. 167
Particulate matter in the atmosphere	p. 168
Aerosol properties	p. 170
Aerosol sources	p. 178
The role of atmospheric particles	p. 185
Aerosol measurements	p. 192
Summary	p. 195
References	p. 195
Questions	p. 197
Stratospheric chemistry and ozone depletion	p. 198
Ozone column amounts	p. 198
The physical structure of the stratosphere	p. 201
Gas-phase chemistry of the stratosphere	p. 206
Aerosols and clouds in the stratosphere	p. 210
Heterogeneous chemistry of the stratosphere	p. 212
Future perturbations to the stratosphere	p. 214
Summary	p. 216
References	p. 216
Questions	p. 217
Boundary layer meteorology and atmospheric dispersion	p. 218
The atmospheric boundary layer	p. 218
Flow over vegetation	p. 224
Urban boundary layers	p. 229
Dispersion of pollutants	p. 233
Summary	p. 240
References	p. 241
Further reading	p. 242
Questions	p. 242
Hints and answers	p. 242
Urban air pollution	p. 243
Air pollution through the ages	p. 243
Pollutants and sources	p. 245
From emission intensity to pollution levels	p. 249
Urban-scale impacts	p. 252
Means of mitigation	p. 256
Case studies	p. 259
Summary	p. 265
References	p. 266
Further reading	p. 267
Questions	p. 267
Global warming and climate change science	p. 268
Historical evidence of the impact of human activities on climate	p. 269
Future outlook of climate change	p. 278
Potential impacts of climate change	p. 285
Pathways to policy considerations	p. 287
Summary	p. 289
References	p. 290
Questions	p. 292
Appendix: List of websites	p. 293
Index	p. 295
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists

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Table of Contents

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