Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey

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ISBN: 9780127329512 | 012732951X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/1/2006

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"Atmospheric Science, Second Edition, has been completely revamped in terms of content and appearance. The authors illustrate concepts with colorful state-of-the-art imagery and cover a vast amount of new information in the field. They have also developed several online materials for instructors who adopt the text."--BOOK JACKET.

Preface to the Second Edition

Preface to the First Edition

Introduction and Overview

(24)

Scope of the Subject and Recent Highlights

(2)

Some Definitions and Terms of Reference

(3)

A Brief Survey of the Atmosphere

(15)

Optical Properties

(1)

Mass

(1)

Chemical Composition

(1)

Vertical structure

(3)

Winds

(7)

Precipitation

(2)

What's Next?

(4)

Exercises

(3)

The Earth System

(38)

Components of the Earth System

(13)

The Oceans

(7)

The Cryosphere

(3)

The Terrestrial Biosphere

(2)

The Earth's Crust and Mantle

(1)

Roles of Various Components of the Earth System in Climate

(1)

The Hydrologic Cycle

(3)

The Carbon Cycle

(4)

Carbon in the Atmosphere

(1)

Carbon in the Biosphere

(2)

Carbon in the Oceans

(1)

Carbon in the Earth's Crust

(1)

Oxygen in the Earth System

(3)

Sources of Free Oxygen

(2)

A Brief History of Climate and the Earth System

(8)

Formation and Evolution of the Earth System

(3)

The Past 100 Million Years

(1)

The Past Million Years

(2)

The Past 20,000 Years

(2)

Earth: The Habitable Planet

(7)

Exercises

(5)

Atmospheric Thermodynamics

(50)

Gas Laws

(4)

Virtual Temperature

(1)

The Hydrostatic Equation

(5)

Geopotential

(1)

Scale Height and the Hypsometric Equation

(2)

Thickness and Heights of Constant Pressure Surfaces

(1)

Reduction of Pressure to Sea Level

(1)

The First Law of Thermodynamics

(4)

Joule's Law

(1)

Specific Heats

(1)

Enthalpy

(1)

Adiabatic Processes

(3)

Concept of an Air Parcel

(1)

The Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

(1)

Potential Temperature

(1)

Thermodynamic Diagrams

(1)

Water Vapor in Air

(9)

Moisture Parameters

(4)

Latent Heats

(1)

Saturated Adiabatic and Pseudoadiabatic Processes

(1)

The Saturated Adiabatic Lapse Rate

(1)

Equivalent Potential Temperature and Wet-Bulb Potential Temperature

(1)

Normand's Rule

(1)

Net Effects of Ascent Followed by Descent

(2)

Static Stability

(5)

Unsaturated Air

(3)

Saturated Air

(1)

Conditional and Convective Instability

(2)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics and Entropy

(20)

The Carnot Cycle

(2)

Entropy

(2)

The Clausius--Clapeyron Equation

(3)

Generalized Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

100

(2)

Exercises

102

(11)

Radiative Transfer

113

(40)

The Spectrum of Radiation

113

(1)

Quantitative Description of Radiation

114

(3)

Blackbody Radiation

117

(5)

The Planck Function

117

(1)

Wien's Displacement Law

118

(1)

The Stefan-Boltzmann Law

119

(1)

Radiative Properties of Nonblack Materials

120

(1)

Kirchhoff's Law

121

(1)

The Greenhouse Effect

121

(1)

Physics of Scattering and Absorption and Emission

122

(8)

Scattering by Air Molecules and Particles

123

(3)

Absorption by Particles

126

(1)

Absorption and Emission by Gas Molecules

127

(3)

Radiative Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres

130

(14)

Beer's Law

130

(3)

Reflection and Absorption by a Layer of the Atmosphere

133

(1)

Absorption and Emission of Infrared Radiation in Cloud-Free Air

134

(4)

Vertical Profiles of Radiative Heating Rate

138

(1)

Passive Remote Sensing by Satellites

139

(5)

Radiation Balance at the Top of the Atmosphere

144

(9)

Exercises

145

(8)

Atmospheric Chemistry

153

(56)

Composition of Tropospheric Air

153

(4)

Sources, Transport, and Sinks of Trace Gases

157

(5)

Sources

157

(3)

Transport

160

(2)

Sinks

162

(1)

Some Important Tropospheric Trace Gases

162

(7)

The Hydroxyl Radical

162

(1)

Some Reactive Nitrogen Compounds

163

(1)

Organic Compounds

164

(1)

Carbon Monoxide

165

(1)

Ozone

165

(3)

Hydrogen Compounds

168

(1)

Sulfur Gases

168

(1)

Tropospheric Aerosols

169

(7)

Sources

170

(2)

Chemical Composition

172

(1)

Transport

173

(1)

Sinks

173

(1)

Concentrations and Size Distributions

174

(2)

Residence Times

176

(1)

Air Pollution

176

(6)

Some Sources of Pollutants

177

(2)

Smogs

179

(2)

Regional and Global Pollution

181

(1)

Tropospheric Chemical Cycles

182

(2)

The Nitrogen Cycle

182

(1)

The Sulfur Cycle

183

(1)

Stratospheric Chemistry

184

(25)

Unperturbed Stratospheric Ozone

185

(5)

Anthropogenic Perturbations to Stratospheric Ozone: The Ozone Hole

190

(6)

Stratospheric Aerosols: Sulfur in the Stratosphere

196

(2)

Exercises

198

(11)

Cloud Microphysics

209

(62)

Nucleation of Water Vapor Condensation

209

(6)

Theory

210

(4)

Cloud Condensation Nuclei

214

(1)

Microstructures of Warm Clouds

215

(3)

Cloud Liquid Water Content and Entrainment

218

(3)

Growth of Cloud Droplets in Warm Clouds

221

(11)

Growth by Condensation

221

(3)

Growth by Collection

224

(4)

Bridging the Gap between Droplet Growth by Condensation and Collision--Coalescence

228

(4)

Microphysics of Cold Clouds

232

(13)

Nucleation of Ice Particles; Ice Nuclei

232

(4)

Concentrations of Ice Particles in Clouds; Ice Multiplication

236

(2)

Growth of Ice Particles in Clouds

238

(5)

Formation of Precipitation in Cold Clouds

243

(2)

Classification of Solid Precipitation

245

(1)

Artificial Modification of Clouds and Precipitation

245

(7)

Modification of Warm Clouds

245

(2)

Modification of Cold Clouds

247

(3)

Inadvertent Modification

250

(2)

Thunderstorm Electrification

252

(7)

Charge Generation

252

(2)

Lightning and Thunder

254

(2)

The Global Electrical Circuit

256

(3)

Cloud and Precipitation Chemistry

259

(12)

Overview

259

(1)

Transport of Particles and Gases

259

(1)

Nucleation Scavenging

260

(1)

Dissolution of Gases in Cloud Droplets

260

(1)

Aqueous-Phase Chemical Reactions

261

(1)

Precipitation Scavenging

261

(1)

Sources of Sulfate in Precipitation

262

(1)

Chemical Composition of Rain

262

(1)

Production of Aerosol by Clouds

262

(1)

Exercises

263

(8)

Atmospheric Dynamics

271

(42)

Kinematics of the Large-Scale Horizontal Flow

271

(5)

Elementary Kinematic Properties of the Flow

271

(1)

Vorticity and Divergence

272

(2)

Deformation

274

(1)

Streamlines versus Trajectories

275

(1)

Dynamics of Horizontal Flow

276

(14)

Apparent Forces

276

(3)

Real Forces

279

(1)

The Horizontal Equation of Motion

280

(1)

The Geostrophic Wind

281

(1)

The Effect of Friction

281

(1)

The Gradient Wind

282

(1)

The Thermal Wind

283

(3)

Suppression of Vertical Motions by Planetary Rotation

286

(1)

A Conservation Law for Vorticity

286

(3)

Potential Vorticity

289

(1)

Primitive Equations

290

(7)

Pressure as a Vertical Coordinate

291

(1)

Hydrostatic Balance

291

(1)

The Thermodynamic Energy Equation

291

(2)

Inference of the Vertical Motion Field

293

(2)

Solution of the Primitive Equations

295

(1)

An Application of Primitive Equations

296

(1)

The Atmospheric General Circulation

297

(3)

The Kinetic Energy Cycle

298

(2)

The Atmosphere as a Heat Engine

300

(1)

Numerical Weather Prediction

300

(13)

Exercises

304

(9)

Weather Systems

313

(62)

Extratropical Cyclones

313

(27)

An Overview

313

(5)

Fronts and Surface Weather

318

(10)

Vertical Structure

328

(6)

Air Trajectories

334

(2)

In Search of the Perfect Storm

336

(1)

Top--Down Influences

337

(1)

Influence of Latent Heat Release

338

(2)

Orographic Effects

340

(4)

Lee Cyclogenesis and Lee Troughing

340

(1)

Rossby Wave Propagation along Sloping Terrain

340

(1)

Cold Air Damming

341

(1)

Terrain-Induced Windstorms

342

(1)

Orographic Influences on Precipitation

343

(1)

Deep Convection

344

(22)

Environmental Controls

345

(4)

Structure and Evolution of Convective Storms

349

(7)

Damaging Winds Associated with Convective Storms

356

(7)

Mesoscale Convective Systems

363

(3)

Tropical Cyclones

366

(9)

Structure, Thermodynamics, and Dynamics

366

(3)

Genesis and Life Cycle

369

(1)

Storm Surges

370

(1)

Exercises

371

(4)

The Atmospheric Boundary Layer

375

(44)

Turbulence

376

(9)

Eddies and Thermals

376

(2)

Statistical Description of Turbulence

378

(1)

Turbulence Kinetic Energy and Turbulence Intensity

379

(2)

Turbulent Transport and Fluxes

381

(1)

Turbulence Closure

382

(1)

Turbulence Scales and Similarity Theory

383

(2)

The Surface Energy Balance

385

(6)

Radiative Fluxes

385

(1)

Surface Energy Balance over Land

386

(1)

The Bulk Aerodynamic Formulae

387

(3)

The Global Surface Energy Balance

390

(1)

Vertical Structure

391

(7)

Temperature

391

(1)

Humidity

392

(1)

Winds

393

(2)

Day-to-Day and Regional Variations in Boundary-Layer Structure

395

(1)

Nonlocal Influence of Stratification on Turbulence and Stability

396

(2)

Evolution

398

(6)

Entrainment

398

(1)

Boundary-Layer Growth

399

(2)

Cloud-Topped Boundary Layer over Land

401

(1)

The Marine Boundary Layer

401

(3)

Stormy Weather

404

(1)

Special Effects

404

(7)

Terrain Effects

404

(4)

Sea Breezes

408

(2)

Forest Canopy Effects

410

(1)

Urban Effects

411

(1)

The Boundary Layer in Context

411

(8)

Exercises

413

(6)

Climate Dynamics

419

(48)

The Present-Day Climate

419

(6)

Annual Mean Conditions

419

(3)

Dependence on Time of Day

422

(1)

Seasonal Dependence

423

(2)

Climate Variability

425

(18)

Internally Generated Climate Variability

429

(2)

Coupled Climate Variability

431

(8)

Externally Forced Climate Variability

439

(4)

Climate Equilibria, Sensitivity, and Feedbacks

443

(8)

Transient versus Equilibrium Response

446

(1)

Climate Feedbacks

447

(4)

Greenhouse Warming

451

(7)

The Buildup of Greenhouse Gases

451

(4)

Is Human-Induced Greenhouse Warming Already Evident?

455

(2)

Projections of Future Human-Induced Greenhouse Warming

457

(1)

Climate Monitoring and Prediction

458

(9)

Exercises

460

(7)

Constants and Conversions for Atmospheric Science

467

(2)

Abbreviations Used in Captions

469

(2)

Index

471

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Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials