At-Risk Youth: A Comprehensive Response For Counselors, Teachers, Psychologists, and Human Services Professionals

, by McWhirter, J. Jeffries; McWhirter, Benedict T.; McWhirter, Ellen Hawley; McWhirter, Robert J.

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ISBN: 9780534548711 | 0534548717
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/9/2003

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Part I: AT-RISK CHILDREN AND YOUTH: THE ECOLOGY OF PROBLEMS. 1. An Introduction to At-Risk Issues: The Tree. 2. Environmental/Societal Factors that Contribute to Risk. 3. Family Problems of At-Risk Children and Youth. 4. School Issues that Relate to At-Risk Children and Youth. 5. Individual Characteristics of High-Risk and Low-Risk Children and Youth. Part II: AT-RISK CATEGORIES. 6. School Dropouts. 7. Substance Use and Addiction. 8. Teenage Pregnancy and Risky Sexual Behavior. 9. Antisocial Behavior, Delinquency and Youth Gangs. 10. School Shooters. 11. Youth Suicide. Part III: PREVENTION, INTERVENTION, AND TREATMENT APPROACHES. 12. A Prevention/Early Intervention/Treatment Framework and Other Environmental Considerations. 13. Core Components of Programs for Prevention and Early Intervention. 14. Peer Interventions. 15. Family Interventions. 16. Legal and Ethical Issues.

Dedication

Preface

xvii

PART 1 At-Risk Children and Youth: The Ecology of Problems

(92)

An Introduction to At-Risk Issues: The Tree

(16)

The Scope of the Problems: An Overview of the Ecology of At-Risk Youth

(5)

Facts of an At-Risk Society

(1)

The Use of the Term At Risk: Definition Problems

(3)

Assess the Context of Problems, Such as Poverty and Racism

(1)

Case Study: The Andrews Family

(3)

At-Risk Problems and Issues

(1)

Cause or Effect?

(1)

Vulnerable and Underserved

(1)

The At-Risk Tree: A Metaphor

(4)

Conclusion

(1)

Environmental/Societal Factors That Contribute to Risk

(17)

The Ecological Model

(1)

The Economy and Poverty

(4)

Poverty

(1)

Welfare Reform

(1)

Stagnation of the Working Poor

(2)

Single Mothers

(1)

Case Study: The Baker Family

(3)

Homeless Families

(1)

Socioeconomic Status

(1)

Health Problems and SES

(1)

At-Risk Categories and SES

(1)

The Widening Gap

(1)

Ennui and Purpose

(1)

Parenting Networks

(1)

Training for Life

(1)

Modest Proposals and Suggestions

(3)

Child Care

(1)

Skill-Building Programs

(1)

Comprehensive Preschool Programs

(1)

Conclusion

(1)

Family Problems of At-Risk Children and Youth

(21)

Societal Changes Affecting the Family

(2)

Divorce

(1)

The Erosion of Extended-Family Networks

(1)

Changes within the Family

(4)

The Family Life Cycle

(2)

The Family System

(2)

Case Study: The Carter Family

(3)

Families of Color

(1)

Families of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Youth

(1)

Family Problems and Problem Families

(2)

Families That Are Stressed

(1)

Families with Dysfunction

(1)

Child-Rearing Practices: Three Dimensions of Child-Rearing

(8)

Parental Inconsistency

(2)

Clusters of Child-Rearing Behaviors

(5)

Conclusion

(1)

School Issues That Relate to At-Risk Children and Youth

(20)

The Value of Education

(5)

Research on Effective Schools

(2)

Variables in Research on School Effects

(1)

Definitional Issues in Research on School Effects

(1)

Case Study: The Diaz Family

(6)

Educational Structure: Schools and Classrooms

(5)

School Structure

(1)

School Choice

(1)

Charter Schools

(1)

Classroom Structure

(1)

Curriculum Issues

(2)

Conclusion

(1)

Individual Characteristics of High-Risk and Low-Risk Children and Youth

(16)

Resiliency and Invulnerability

(1)

Factors That Contribute to Resilience

(3)

Social Environment

(1)

Family Milieu

(1)

Individual Characteristics

(1)

Common Characteristics of Resilient Youth

(1)

Skills That Characterize High-Risk Versus Low-Risk Youth

(8)

Critical School Competencies

(1)

Concept of Self and Self-Esteem

(2)

Connectedness

(2)

Coping Ability

(1)

Control

(1)

Things to do to Increase the Five Cs

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

PART 2 At-Risk Categories

(126)

School Dropouts

(19)

Definitional Issues of the Dropout Problem

(1)

Literacy Standards

(1)

Definition of Dropout

(1)

Scope and Characteristics of the Problem

(3)

Immigrant Students

(1)

Latino Students

(1)

Exceptional Students

(1)

Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgendered Students

(1)

The Consequences of Dropping Out

100

(1)

Economic Consequences

100

(1)

Social Consequences

100

(1)

Predictive Indicators and Type of Dropouts

101

(3)

Differences Between Stayers and Leavers

101

(1)

Predictive Variables and Dropout Types

102

(2)

General Prevention and Intervention Strategies

104

(5)

Family and Community

104

(1)

School

105

(4)

Specific Intervention: Comprehensive, Competency-Based Guidance

109

(2)

Specific Intervention: Solution-Focused Counseling

111

(2)

Conclusion

113

(1)

Substance Use and Addiction

114

(19)

Definitional Difficulties and Assessment

115

(1)

The Scope of the Problem

116

(2)

Some Determinants of Substance Use and Common Characteristics of Users

118

(4)

Environmental and Social Correlates of Substance Use

118

(1)

Peer Influence on Substance Use

119

(1)

Family Correlates of Substance Use

119

(1)

Personal Correlates of Substance Use

120

(2)

Some Consequences of Substance Use

122

(1)

Physiological Consequences

122

(1)

Psychosocial Consequences

122

(1)

General Prevention and Intervention Strategies

123

(6)

Prevention

124

(1)

Community Treatment Programs

125

(1)

School Treatment Programs

126

(2)

Guidelines for Best Practices in Drug/Alcohol Intervention

128

(1)

Specific Intervention: Motivational Interviewing

129

(3)

Conclusion

132

(1)

Teenage Pregnancy and Risky Sexual Behavior

133

(23)

The Scope of the Problem

134

(2)

Precursors of Teen Pregnancy: Common Background Characteristics

136

(4)

Adolescent Development

136

(1)

Antecedent Characteristics

137

(1)

Interpersonal Influences

138

(1)

Media Influences

139

(1)

Consequences of Early Childbearing

140

(2)

Socioeconomic Consequences

140

(1)

Educational Consequences

140

(1)

Health-Related Consequences

141

(1)

Family Development

141

(1)

AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

142

(2)

General Prevention and Intervention Strategies

144

(2)

Sexual Antecedent Programs

144

(1)

Nonsexual Antecedent Programs

145

(1)

Specific Intervention: An Adlerian Model

146

(9)

Purposiveness of Behavior

147

(1)

Goals of Misbehavior

147

(4)

Corrective Procedures

151

(2)

Natural and Logical Consequences

153

(1)

Encouragement

154

(1)

Conclusion

155

(1)

Antisocial Behavior, Delinquency, and Youth Gangs

156

(21)

The Scope and Nature of Antisocial Behavior, Delinquency, and Gangs

157

(4)

Family Aggression and Violence

158

(1)

School Problems

158

(1)

Vandalism

159

(1)

Juvenile Delinquency

159

(1)

Gang Membership and Youth Violence

160

(1)

The Origins of the Problem

161

(7)

A Developmental and Ecological Model

161

(1)

Society, Communities, and Neighborhoods

161

(2)

Risk Factors in Society, Communities, and Neighborhoods

163

(1)

Family and Home Environment Risk Factors

163

(1)

School Environment and Risk Factors

164

(2)

Peer Group Environment

166

(1)

Onset of Delinquent Behavior

167

(1)

Gang Involvement

167

(1)

Gang Risk Factors

167

(1)

General Prevention and Intervention Strategies

168

(2)

Family Prevention and Intervention

168

(1)

School Prevention and Intervention

169

(1)

Community Prevention and Intervention

170

(1)

Specific Intervention: Reality Therapy

170

(6)

Assumptions of Reality Therapy

171

(2)

Theoretical Components of Reality Therapy

173

(1)

The Seven Principles of Reality Therapy

174

(2)

Conclusion

176

(1)

School Shooters

177

(18)

Scope of the Problem

178

(1)

Ecological Contributions to the Problem

179

(2)

Guns

179

(1)

Media

180

(1)

Identifying Potential Shooters

181

(2)

Profiling and Checklists

181

(1)

Predicting Versus Preventing

182

(1)

General Prevention and Intervention Strategies

183

(5)

Targets of Intervention

183

(5)

Specific Intervention: Preventing School Shootings

188

(5)

Anger Management

189

(2)

Anti-Bullying Interventions

191

(2)

Conclusion

193

(2)

Youth Suicide

195

(24)

The Scope of the Problem

197

(2)

Risk Factors and Characteristics of Youth Suicide

199

(5)

Interpersonal, Family, and Psychosocial Characteristics

199

(2)

Intrapersonal and Psychological Characteristics

201

(3)

Warning Signs of Suicide

204

(3)

Suicide Motivations

204

(2)

Verbal Messages

206

(1)

Behavioral Changes

206

(1)

General Risk Factors

207

(1)

Common Misconceptions of Suicide

207

(1)

Identification and Assessment Strategies

208

(3)

Forms of Depression

208

(2)

Interviews for Suicide Lethality

210

(1)

Self-Report Inventories

210

(1)

General Prevention and Intervention Strategies

211

(1)

General Prevention

211

(1)

Brief Therapy and Skills Training

211

(1)

Specific Early Intervention, Crisis Management, and Postvention

212

(5)

Crisis Management and Response

213

(2)

Postvention and Follow-Up Treatment

215

(2)

Conclusion

217

(2)

PART 3 Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment Approaches

219

(101)

A Prevention/Early Intervention/Treatment Framework and Other Environmental Considerations

221

(19)

A Comprehensive Prevention/Early Intervention/Treatment Framework

222

(1)

History of Prevention Programs

223

(2)

Prevention Defined

225

(1)

Description of the Framework

226

(3)

The Risk Continuum

226

(1)

The Approach Continuum

226

(3)

The Prevention/Treatment Continuum

229

(1)

Environmental Settings

229

(5)

Society/Community

231

(1)

Family

231

(1)

School

231

(3)

Practical Considerations

234

(1)

Counselor/Psychologist/Teacher Interface

234

(1)

Additional Environmental Issues

235

(4)

Relationships

235

(1)

Empowerment

236

(3)

Conclusion

239

(1)

Core Components of Programs for Prevention and Early Intervention

240

(24)

Critical School Competencies

242

(5)

Training in Life Skills

242

(2)

Prevention Strategy for Children: Interpersonal Cognitive Problem Solving (ICPS)

244

(3)

Concept of Self

247

(4)

Training to Prevent Depression

247

(1)

Optimism

248

(1)

Basic Skills of Optimism

249

(1)

Application for At-Risk Problem Prevention

250

(1)

Connectedness

251

(3)

Training in Interpersonal Communication

251

(1)

Assertiveness Skills

252

(2)

Coping Ability

254

(3)

Beneficial Relaxation

254

(1)

Progressive Relaxation

255

(1)

Visual Imagery

255

(1)

Affirmations

256

(1)

Control: Strategies for Cognitive Change

257

(6)

Control of Decisions

258

(1)

Self-Management and Self-Control

259

(2)

Control for Learning

261

(1)

Cognitive Restructuring

261

(2)

Conclusion

263

(1)

Peer Interventions

264

(21)

Importance of Peers

265

(3)

Peer Influence---For Good or Bad

266

(1)

Peer Cluster Theory

267

(1)

Cooperative Learning and Peer Support Networks

268

(5)

Cooperative Learning

268

(1)

Positive Effects of Cooperative Learning Groups

268

(2)

Peer Support Networks

270

(2)

Elements of Cooperative Learning

272

(1)

Peer and Cross-Age Tutoring Programs

273

(5)

Cost-Effectiveness

273

(1)

Readiness

274

(1)

Preparation

274

(1)

Sample Method: Pause, Prompt, and Praise

275

(1)

Program Implementations

276

(2)

Peer Mediation Programs

278

(5)

Background

278

(1)

Theoretical Assumptions

279

(1)

Benefits to Students and to the School

279

(1)

Training Staff Members

280

(1)

Training Student Peer Mediators

280

(1)

Implications

281

(1)

The Ripple Effect

282

(1)

Counseling Ramifications

282

(1)

Peer Facilitation

283

(1)

Training Phase

283

(1)

Service Phase

283

(1)

Conclusion

284

(1)

Family Interventions

285

(19)

Family Counseling

287

(5)

Referring the Family for Counseling

288

(1)

The Nature of Family Counseling

289

(1)

Strategies in Family Counseling

290

(2)

Alternatives and Adjuncts to Family Counseling

292

(11)

The Family Check-Up

293

(1)

Parent Education and Training

293

(3)

Parent Education and Training for Families of Color

296

(1)

Parent Effectiveness Training

297

(4)

Parent Support Groups

301

(2)

Conclusion

303

(1)

Legal and Ethical Issues

304

(16)

The Legal System

305

(8)

Criminal Law

306

(3)

Civil Law

309

(4)

Specific Legal Concerns

313

(6)

Legal Issues in Problems of Substance Use

313

(1)

Legal Issues in Youth Sexuality

313

(2)

Legal Issues in Delinquency

315

(1)

Legal Issues in Youth Suicide

316

(2)

Testifying in Court

318

(1)

Conclusion

319

(1)

References

320

(44)

Name Index

364

(6)

Subject Index

370

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At-Risk Youth: A Comprehensive Response For Counselors, Teachers, Psychologists, and Human Services Professionals

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials