Auxiliaries Cognitive Forces and

Offering a new perspective on auxiliaries in particular and language structure in general, this study argues that language cannot be explained satisfactorily with reference to linguistic variables alone; what is required in addition are extra-linguistic parameters relating to how we perceive the world around us, and how we utilize the linguistic resources available to us to conceptualize our experiences, and to communicate successfully. Rather than a closed, self-contained system, language is an entity that is constantly shaped by such external factors as cognitive forces, pragmatic manipulation, history, etc. These factors are responsible for the emergence of chain-like linguistic structures, and auxiliaries are typical examples of such structures, which Heine describes as grammaticalization chains. A limited number of concrete event schemas are discussed and these schemas are shown to be responsible for much of the linguistic diversity that auxiliary constructions exhibit in the languages of the world.

Abbreviations	p. xi
The state of the art	p. 3
Problems	p. 4
Hypotheses	p. 8
The autonomy hypothesis	p. 8
The main-verb hypothesis	p. 8
Gradience	p. 9
Auxiliary as a universal category?	p. 9
Other positions	p. 11
"Quasi-auxiliaries,"	p. 14
Notional domains	p. 16
Criteria	p. 17
Dependency	p. 18
Definitions	p. 20
Some properties of auxiliaries	p. 22
How to explain auxiliaries?	p. 24
Conclusion	p. 26
Grammaticalization	p. 27
Basic event schemas	p. 27
Conceptual properties	p. 30
Linguistic properties	p. 32
Complex schemas	p. 37
On the significance of event schemas	p. 43
Conceptual shift	p. 45
The Overlap Model	p. 48
Grammaticalization chains	p. 53
The Verb-to-TAM chain	p. 53
Parameters	p. 54
Stages	p. 58
The chain of grammatical functions	p. 66
On defining auxiliaries	p. 69
Discussion	p. 70
On locating auxiliaries	p. 71
An alternative chain	p. 76
Related approaches	p. 79
Conclusion	p. 86
Some basic issues	p. 88
Conceptual shift	p. 88
The content	p. 89
The process	p. 95
Dependency	p. 99
The problem	p. 99
The Zwicky-Hudson controversy	p. 100
Discussion	p. 104
Erosion	p. 106
On categorization	p. 112
Reanalysis	p. 116
On explanation	p. 119
Conclusions	p. 130
Notes	p. 133
References	p. 137
Name Index	p. 151
Language Index	p. 155
Subject Index	p. 157
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Auxiliaries Cognitive Forces and Grammaticalization

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