Avian Growth and Development Evolution within the Altricial-Precocial Spectrum

, by Starck, J. Matthias; Ricklefs, Robert E.

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ISBN: 9780195106084 | 0195106083
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 2/26/1998

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This is the first re-appraisal in 50 years of concepts of development made in birds. This book is a case study in evolutionary diversification of life histories. Although birds have a rather uniform body plan and physiology, they exhibit marked variation in development type, parental care, and rate of growth. Altricial birds are fully dependent on their parents for warmth and nutrition and begin posthatching life in a more or less embryonic condition. At the other extreme, such superprecocial species as the megapodes are independent of all parental care from hatching, and the neonate, able to fly, resembles an adult bird. This book thus attempts to present an integrative perspective of organism biology, ecology, and evolution.

Contributors

1 Patterns of Development: The Altricial-Precocial Spectrum

(28)

J. Matthias Starck

Robert E. Ricklefs

1.1 Introduction

(1)

1.2 Classification of hatchlings

(6)

1.3 The altricial-precocial spectrum and avian systematics

(4)

1.4 The fossil record of the altricial-precocial spectrum

(1)

1.5 A new metric of avian hatchlings?

(9)

1.6 A mammalian perspective

(4)

1.7 Conclusions

(5)

2 Embryonic Growth and Development

(28)

Robert E. Ricklefs

J. Matthias Strack

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Sources of data, taxonomic treatment, and mode of development

(1)

2.3 Incubation period, egg size, and adult body size

(2)

2.4 Embryo growth

(5)

2.5 Normal stages of embryonic development

(2)

2.6 Maturation of embryonic tissues

(10)

2.7 Discussion

(4)

2.8 General conclusions

(4)

3 Structural Variants and Invariants in Avian Embryonic and Postnatal Development

(30)

J. Matthias Starck

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Extraembryonic organs

(5)

3.3 The development of the skeleton

(10)

3.4 Muscle

(2)

3.5 Epidermal structures

(3)

3.6 Development of sensory organs

(1)

3.7 Development of the brain

(2)

3.8 Development of the intestine in precocial and altricial birds

(3)

3.9 Conclusions

(4)

4 Energy Metabolism, Gas Exchange, and Ventilation

(28)

Carol M. Vleck

Theresa L. Bucher

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Embryonic stage

(8)

4.3 Perinatal stage

(3)

4.4 Hatching process and energy costs

100

(1)

4.5 Hatchling stage

100

(11)

4.6 Summary and conclusion

111

(6)

5 Development of Temperature Regulation

117

(40)

G. Henk Visser

5.1 Introduction

117

(1)

5.2 Interrelated time budgets of chicks and parents

117

(2)

5.3 Newtonian cooling models: Methodological considerations for measurements on chicks

119

(4)

5.4 Degree of homeothermy at hatch and during subsequent growth

123

(7)

5.5 Metabolic rate

130

(12)

5.6 Heat transfer between chick and environment

142

(4)

5.7 Costs of homeothermy

146

(3)

5.8 Tolerance to low body temperatures: Poikilothermy as a thermal strategy

149

(1)

5.9 Summary

150

(7)

6 Development of Locomotion and Endothermy in Altricial and Precocial Birds

157

(17)

Esa Hohtola

Henk Visser

6.1 Introduction

157

(1)

6.2 Muscles: Growth and maturation

158

(3)

6.3 Muscles and locomotion: The effect of temperature

161

(3)

6.4 Muscles thermogenesis: Patterns of development in altricial and precocial birds

164

(6)

6.5 Conclusions

170

(4)

7 The Endocrine System

174

(29)

F.M. Anne McNabb

Colin G. Scanes

Michal Zeman

7.1 Basic concepts

174

(1)

7.2 Hormones that play major roles in development and their actions

175

(4)

7.3 The patterns of avian endocrine development

179

(5)

7.4 Endocrine system effects on anatomical and physiological components of development

184

(5)

7.5 Development of endocrine homeostatic mechanisms

189

(1)

7.6 Development of rhythms in hormone secretion

189

(4)

7.7 Conclusions, speculations, and future research

193

(10)

8 The Immune System

203

(20)

Victor Apanius

8.1 Introduction

203

(1)

8.2 Parasite resistance and immunity

203

(2)

8.3 Ontogeny of the lymphoid compartment in Galliformes

205

(3)

8.4 Parental contributions to immunity of neonates

208

(1)

8.5 Ontogeny of the immune function in Galliformes

209

(1)

8.6 Variation within and between Galliformes

210

(3)

8.7 Comparisons between the precocial Galliformes and Anseriformes

213

(2)

8.8 Altricial-precocial comparisons

215

(2)

8.9 Future studies

217

(6)

9 Development of Behavior

223

(24)

Heinz Duttmann

H. Heiner Bergmann

Wiltraud Englander

9.1 Introduction

223

(1)

9.2 Timing of emergence of several noncommunicative motor patterns

223

(4)

9.3 Sensory capacities in behavioral ontogeny

227

(1)

9.4 Embryonic motor patterns and hatching behavior

227

(1)

9.5 Behaviors related to parental care

228

(1)

9.6 Comfort behavior

229

(3)

9.7 Locomotion

232

(1)

9.8 Displays

232

(6)

9.9 Imprinting and song learning

238

(1)

9.10 Play

239

(1)

9.11 Summary

240

(7)

10 Variation, Constraint, and Phylogeny, Comparative Analysis of Variation in Growth

247

(19)

J. Matthias Starck

Robert E. Ricklefs

10.1 Introduction

247

(1)

10.2 Phylogenetic constraint and phylogenetic effect

248

(1)

10.3 Phylogenetic effects in growth data

248

(12)

10.4 Taxon-dependent diversification of growth rate

260

(4)

10.5 Conclusions

264

(2)

11 Internal Constraints on Growth in Birds

266

(22)

Robert E. Ricklefs

J. Matthias Starck

Marek Konarzewski

11.1 Introduction

266

(1)

11.2 Selection on growth

267

(1)

11.3 Is growth rate related to mortality rate?

268

(3)

11.4 Growth rate and body size

271

(1)

11.5 Detecting constraints

272

(1)

11.6 Internal constraints on growth rate: Resource supply

273

(4)

11.7 Nutrient limitation

277

(1)

11.8 Functional maturity and growth rate of tissues

278

(3)

11.9 Symmorphosis and constraint

281

(1)

11.10 Testing constraint hypotheses

282

(1)

11.11 A research agenda

282

(1)

11.12 Summary and conclusions

283

(5)

12 Developmental Plasticity

288

(17)

William A. Schew

Robert E. Ricklefs

12.1 Introduction

288

(1)

12.2 Imposed and induced variation

289

(1)

12.3 Selective factors

290

(2)

12.4 Sources of variation in food provisioning

292

(1)

12.5 Quantifying food limitations

293

(1)

12.6 Responses to short-term undernutrition

294

(1)

12.7 Experimental and empirical studies of short-term undernutrition

294

(3)

12.8 Responses to long-term undernutrition

297

(1)

12.9 Growth and development during realimentation

298

(1)

12.10 Concluding comments and future research

299

(1)

12.11 Summary

300

(5)

13 Genetic Aspects of Growth

305

(19)

Arie van Noordwijk

Henry L. Marks

13.1 Introduction

305

(1)

13.2 Genetic background

305

(4)

13.3 Describing growth in a single parameter

309

(1)

13.4 Heritability of growth in domestic species

309

(6)

13.5 Studies in natural populations

315

(2)

13.6 Control over the end of growth

317

(1)

13.7 Extensions and complications

318

(1)

13.8 Genetics of growth and development in altricial and precocial species

319

(1)

13.9 Conclusions

319

(5)

14 Causes of Growth Variation and Its Consequences for Fitness

324

(16)

Sabine Gebhardt-Henrich

Heinz Richner

14.1 Introduction

324

(1)

14.2 Variation of growth in birds

325

(9)

14.3 Body size variation in birds

334

(1)

14.4 Connection between growth rate and final body size

335

(1)

14.5 Unresolved questions

335

(5)

15 Models for Avian Growth and Development

340

(26)

Marek Konarzewski

Sebaastian A.L.M. Kooijman

Robert E. Ricklefs

15.1 Introduction

340

(1)

15.2 Dynamic energy budgets

341

(8)

15.3 Optimal changes of tissue maturation level: A dynamic modeling approach

349

(5)

15.4 The evolutionary optimization of growth and development

354

(7)

15.5 Discussion

361

(5)

16 The Evolution of the Developmental Mode in Birds

366

(15)

Robert E. Ricklefs

J. Matthias Starck

16.1 Introduction

366

(1)

16.2 The altricial-precocial spectrum

366

(1)

16.3 Neonate function and the altricial-precocial spectrum

367

(2)

16.4 Selective factors

369

(2)

16.5 The relative advantage of altricial and precocial development

371

(4)

16.6 Hybrid strategies

375

(1)

16.7 The distribution of taxa on the altricial-precocial spectrum

376

(2)

16.8 Size and developmental mode

378

(1)

16.9 General conclusions and what we do not know

379

(2)

17 Data Set of Avian Growth Parameters

381

(43)

J. Matthias Starck

Robert E. Ricklefs

17.1 Materials and Methods

381

(2)

17.2 Avian growth parameters

383

(41)

Systematic Index

424

(9)

Subject Index

433

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Avian Growth and Development Evolution within the Altricial-Precocial Spectrum

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials