Aviation Security Engineering: A Holistic

Filling a critical gap in aviation engineering literature, this unique and timely resource provides you with a thorough introduction to aviation system security. It enables you to understand the challenges the industry faces and how they are being addressed. You get a complete analysis of the current aviation security standards ARINC 811, ED-127 and the draft SC-216. The book offers you an appreciation for the diverse collection of members within the aviation industry. Moreover, you find a detailed treatment of methods used to design security controls that not only meet individual corporate interests of a stakeholder, but also work towards the holistic securing of the entire industry. This forward-looking volume introduces exiting new areas of aviation security research and techniques for solving today's the most challenging problems, such as security attack identification and response.

Rainer Klle is an ATM security expert at EUROCONTROL in Brussels, Belgium. A Ph.D. candidate at the University of Lancaster, Mr. Klle holds a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of the Federal Armed Forces in Hamburg, Germany. He has written over 40 papers, articles, and research reports on all aspects of security of air navigation and aviation security incident management. Garik Markarian is the chair in Communications Systems at Lancaster University. He is one of the world's leading scientists specializing in the area of wireless broadband communications. He has coauthored over 200 publications, including four books, numerous journal articles, and over 40 patents. Alex Tarter works for Ultra Electronics in London, specializing in UAV and aviation security projects. He has prepared over 50 reports on various aspects of aviation security and situational awareness for industry and the UK MoD, and has written over 10 papers in peer-reviewed journals. He holds a master's degree in engineering from Imperial College London and a Ph.D. in communications systems from Lancaster University.

Preface	p. xv
Forewords	p. xix
Security and Aviation	p. 1
Aviation Security Engineering	p. 3
Introduction	p. 3
What is Security?	p. 4
Security as a State	p. 5
Security as a Process	p. 5
Security as a Trade-Off	p. 6
Security Risk Based Approach and Utility Theory	p. 7
Summary	p. 9
Aviation-Aviation Security	p. 9
Aviation-A Complex Supply Chain	p. 9
Aviation Security	p. 11
An Emerging Discipline	p. 13
Aviation Security Engineering-An Emerging Discipline	p. 13
Paradigm Changes	p. 13
Overt Approach	p. 14
ôFighting-The-Last-Warö Phenomenon	p. 16
Conclusions	p. 17
Questions	p. 19
References	p. 20
Security: An Introduction and Tutorial	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
An Example	p. 22
What is Security?	p. 23
Terminology	p. 24
Asset-Centric Versus Attacker-Centric	p. 25
Fundamental Concepts and Definitions	p. 26
Security Risk Management	p. 28
Risk Management Cycle	p. 29
Residual Risk and Risk Appetite	p. 31
Undertaking Security Risk Management	p. 31
Controls and Control Philosophies	p. 33
Incident Response Cycle	p. 35
Security Meets Reality-Trust	p. 36
Aviation Security	p. 37
Annex 17	p. 37
The Evolving Nature of Aviation Security	p. 38
Aviation Information Assets	p. 39
Who Is In Charge of Aviation Security?	p. 40
Holistic Security Approach	p. 43
Relevant Standards	p. 44
ICAO Annex 17	p. 45
ARINC Report 811	p. 45
ED-200	p. 46
SC-216	p. 46
NIST SP-800 and ISO 27000 Series	p. 47
Conclusions	p. 47
Questions	p. 49
References	p. 50
Aviation as a System: Air Transportation System	p. 51
Introduction	p. 51
Aviation Terminology	p. 52
High-Level View on Air Transportation	p. 54
Transportation Systems	p. 54
Air Transportation-Multiple Stakeholders and Multiple Objectives	p. 56
Growth and Challenges	p. 56
Air Transportation System Model	p. 59
System and Systems Theory	p. 59
System Terminology	p. 60
System Model	p. 63
System-of-Systems-Air Transportation Subsystems	p. 64
Airport Subsystem	p. 68
Aircraft Subsystem-Airspace User Operations	p. 68
Air Traffic Management/Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance Subsystem	p. 75
Airspace/Network Subsystem	p. 78
Performance Framework-Security Performance	p. 81
Conclusions	p. 84
Questions	p. 85
References	p. 86
Where We Stand Today	p. 87
Traditional Approach to Aviation Security	p. 91
Introduction	p. 91
Understanding Today-By Looking Back	p. 92
Historic Overview of Aviation Security	p. 92
Attack Methods and Threat Conditions	p. 93
Where Are We Today-Responses to Defining Moments	p. 98
Incremental Change	p. 98
International Coordination	p. 99
Reactive Nature	p. 103
Today's Paradigm-Layered Approach-Focus on Prevention	p. 104
Layered Security	p. 104
Example Approach	p. 106
Today's Approach and Focus	p. 108
A Growing Concern-Air Cargo	p. 110
Summary	p. 111
Lessons Learned From 9/11-Paradigm Shift-Prevention Can Fail	p. 112
Emerging Concerns	p. 113
Attacks Against Airports	p. 113
Attacks Against CNS Infrastructures	p. 114
The Next Challenge-Cyber Security	p. 115
Conclusions	p. 116
Questions	p. 118
References	p. 119
Aviation Regulations and Standards	p. 121
Introduction	p. 121
Aviation and Regulation	p. 123
Total Aviation System	p. 123
Principles of Administrative Law-Laws and Regulation	p. 125
Summary of Principles of Aviation Regulation	p. 126
International Air Law and National Regulation	p. 126
Chicago Convention-Source of International Air Law	p. 126
Principles of Air Law	p. 128
National Regulation	p. 130
Summary	p. 130
Interface Between Regulation and Industry Standards	p. 131
Hard Law and Soft Law	p. 131
Industry Standards	p. 133
System Engineering Approach to Certification and Operation	p. 136
Notable Rules and Actors	p. 138
International Level-ICAO-SARPs	p. 139
Regional Level-European Union	p. 141
Regional/National Level-United States of America	p. 145
Standards Level-Use Case	p. 146
New Challenges-Industry Standards	p. 149
Aviation Undergoing a Transformation	p. 149
Industry Responses to Emerging Security Needs	p. 151
Conclusions	p. 155
Questions	p. 157
References	p. 158
Implementing Security Controls	p. 159
Introduction	p. 159
Implementing Security Versus Safety	p. 161
Security Certification	p. 163
A Lifecycle Approach to Security	p. 166
Effective Incident Response	p. 169
Groundworthiness	p. 172
Formalized Trust Models	p. 173
Security Automation	p. 175
Conclusions	p. 177
Questions	p. 179
References	p. 180
Moving Forward	p. 181
Reaction to Threats: Time-Critical Decision-Making and Natural Decision-Making	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Decision-Making-TCDM Versus DM	p. 186
NDM and RPD-Solving Known Problems	p. 190
Issues and Limitations	p. 193
Operational Issues	p. 196
Solution in an Aeronautical Environment	p. 201
Summary and Conclusions	p. 205
Questions	p. 207
References	p. 208
Aircraft Security	p. 209
Introduction	p. 209
The Problem of Aircraft Security	p. 210
Ground Attacks	p. 212
The Use of Imagery	p. 213
Preventing Attacks by Crew	p. 218
Preventing Passenger Attacks	p. 225
Conclusions	p. 230
Questions	p. 232
References	p. 233
Airport Security	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
Current Concerns	p. 237
Current Approaches	p. 240
Solutions	p. 241
Overview	p. 241
Landside-Terminal Security	p. 243
Behavior Assessment	p. 245
Profiles	p. 247
Screening	p. 250
Airside-Supply Chain Considerations	p. 252
Airside Operations Considerations	p. 253
Conclusions	p. 255
Questions	p. 257
References	p. 258
Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance System	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance Subsystems	p. 262
Navigation	p. 262
Surveillance	p. 263
Communication	p. 265
Aeronautical Telecommunication Network	p. 267
Future of CNS	p. 268
SESAR/NextGen-SWIM System-Wide Information Management	p. 271
Summary	p. 273
Attack Spaces	p. 274
Physical Attacks	p. 275
Electromagnetic Attacks	p. 279
Data-Level Attacks	p. 279
The CNS System in Response to an Attack	p. 287
SWIM Integration	p. 289
Transponder Utilization	p. 290
Research Projects	p. 291
Conclusions	p. 292
Questions	p. 294
References	p. 295
Airspace Security	p. 297
Introduction	p. 297
State Authority-Homeland Security and National Defense	p. 298
Sovereignty-Aviation Security	p. 298
Homeland Security and National Defense	p. 299
Summary	p. 300
Problem-Securing the Airspace	p. 300
Interception	p. 301
Ground Interventions	p. 303
Recent Research	p. 305
Conclusions	p. 306
Questions	p. 307
References	p. 308
Conclusions: Holistic Approach to Aviation Security	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
Stepping Stones	p. 310
Part I-Security and Aviation	p. 310
Part II-Where We Stand Today	p. 311
Part III-Moving Forward	p. 312
Aviation Security Engineering	p. 313
Paradigm Shift-Holistic Approach	p. 314
Engineering Practical Solutions	p. 315
Final Words-Are We Going in the Right Direction?	p. 318
About the Authors	p. 321
Index	p. 323
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Aviation Security Engineering: A Holistic Approach

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