Bacon to Kant : An Introduction to Modern Philosophy

, by Thomson, Garrett

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ISBN: 9781577662013 | 1577662016
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 7/1/2001

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Supplemental Materials

Preface

xiii

Introduction

(1)

The Medieval Period

(4)

The Modern Period

(2)

An Historical Approach

(2)

Part One The Rationalists

(2)

Biography: Descartes (1596--1650)

(41)

Descartes: The Method of Doubt and the Cogito

(12)

Comments on the Three Stages

(1)

What Is Descartes' Method of Doubt?

(1)

Some Criticisms of Descartes' Skepticism

(2)

The Cogito as the End of Doubt

(1)

The Interpretation of the Cogito

(2)

A Famous Criticism of the Cogito

(1)

Conclusion

(2)

Descartes: God

(11)

The Classification of Ideas

(1)

The Idea of God

(1)

The First Proof of the Existence of God

(3)

The Second Argument for the Existence of God

(2)

The Cartesian Circle

(1)

False Belief

(1)

Summary

(1)

Descartes: Mind and Body

(15)

Thinking Substance

(2)

The Existence of Material Things

(1)

The Nature of Matter

(1)

Rationalism and Science

(1)

Primary and Secondary Qualities

(1)

The Real Distinction

(3)

The Nature of Descartes' Dualism

(2)

Some Criticisms of Dualism

(2)

The Causal Analysis of Mind

(1)

Materialism

(2)

Biography: Spinoza (1632-1677)

(28)

Spinoza: God and Substance

(11)

A Preliminary Overview

(2)

Spinoza's Proofs

(2)

A General Review

(1)

Finite Modes

(2)

Conclusion

(3)

Spinoza: The Nature of the Mind

(9)

God's Causality and Science

(1)

The Infinite and Eternal Modes

(2)

The Attributes

(1)

Extension and Thought

(1)

The Mind and the Body

(1)

The Mind as the Idea of the Body

(1)

All Things Have Souls

(1)

Materialism

(1)

No Ownership of Ideas

(1)

The Reality of Finite Minds

(1)

Spinoza: Theory of Knowledge

(6)

Kinds of Knowledge

(2)

Truth and Falsity

(1)

Determinism and Free Will

(3)

Biography: Leibniz (1646--1716)

(29)

Leibniz: Truth and Reason

(9)

Truth

(1)

Finite and Infinite analysis

(2)

Primitive Concepts

(1)

Substances and Complete Concepts

(1)

The Principle of Sufficient Reason

(1)

Contingent Truths and Existence

(1)

Contingency and God's Free Choice

(1)

Contingency and Sufficient Reason

(1)

The Principle of the Best

(2)

Leibniz: Monads

(9)

Relations

(2)

Substance

(1)

The Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles

(1)

Monads

(2)

Monads and Causality

(1)

Monads and Mirrors

(1)

Points of View

(1)

Pre-Established Harmony

(2)

Leibniz: God and Space

101

(8)

The Ontological Argument

101

(1)

The Cosmological Argument

102

(1)

The Argument from Pre-Established Harmony

103

(1)

Existence

104

(1)

Extension

104

(1)

Matter

105

(1)

Space and Time

106

(3)

Part One: Conclusion

109

(4)

Rationalism

109

(1)

Consequences of the Principle

110

(1)

Some Differences among Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz

110

(3)

Part Two The Empiricists

113

(3)

Biography: Francis Bacon (1561--1626)

116

(10)

Bacon: The Philosophy of Science

118

(8)

The Criticism of False Learning

118

(2)

The Idols of the Mind

120

(1)

The Classification of Knowledge

121

(1)

The New Method of Induction

122

(1)

Some Criticisms

123

(1)

The Theory of Forms

124

(2)

Biography: Thomas Hobbes (1588--1679)

126

(18)

Hobbes: Science and Nature

129

(8)

The Nature of Science

130

(1)

Cause and Explanation

130

(2)

Philosophy of Nature

132

(1)

Space and Time

133

(1)

Sensation

134

(1)

God

135

(2)

Hobbes: From Psychology to Politics

137

(7)

Motivation

137

(1)

Psychological Egoism

138

(1)

War and Conflict

139

(1)

Natural Rights and Law

140

(1)

The Covenant

141

(3)

Biography: John Locke (1632-1704)

144

(38)

Locke: Ideas and Qualities

147

(13)

The Role of Ideas

148

(1)

Innate Ideas

149

(1)

The Origin of Ideas

150

(1)

Simple and Complex Ideas

150

(1)

Primary and Secondary Qualities

151

(1)

Arguments for the Distinction

152

(1)

Some Famous Criticisms of the Resemblance Thesis

153

(2)

Locke's Theory of Perception

155

(1)

Representations and Skepticism

156

(2)

Representations and Qualities

158

(1)

Summary

158

(2)

Locke: The Formation of Complex Ideas

160

(10)

Modes

161

(1)

Substance in General

161

(1)

Substance and Empiricism

162

(1)

A Problem with the Notion of Pure Substratum

163

(1)

Relations: Causality

164

(1)

Identity and Diversity

165

(1)

Personal Identity

165

(1)

Locke's Rejection of Other Theories

166

(1)

Some Well-Known Criticisms of Locke

167

(1)

Conclusion

167

(3)

Locke: Language and Knowledge

170

(12)

Locke's Theory of Language

170

(1)

Some Popular Criticisms

171

(1)

General Words: A Problem

172

(1)

Another Problem: Classification

173

(1)

Real and Nominal Essence

174

(1)

Definition

175

(1)

Natural Kinds

175

(1)

Real Essence and Substance in General

176

(1)

Knowledge: Some Preliminaries

177

(1)

Locke and Descartes

178

(1)

The Agreement Between Our Ideas

178

(1)

Degrees of Knowledge

179

(1)

The Extent of Knowledge

180

(2)

Biography: George Berkeley (1685--1753)

182

(26)

Berkeley: The Denial of Matter

184

(14)

Abstract Ideas

184

(2)

Ideas of Sense

186

(1)

The Argument from Illusion

186

(2)

How Berkeley Uses This Argument

188

(1)

Another Argument

188

(1)

A Criticism of the Argument from Illusion

189

(1)

An Alternative View of Perception: Direct Realism

190

(2)

Primary and Secondary Qualities

192

(2)

Sensible Objects

194

(1)

External Objects

194

(1)

Material Substance

195

(1)

Conclusion

196

(2)

Berkeley: God and Minds

198

(10)

Answers to Some Objections

198

(1)

Common Sense

199

(1)

Unperceived Objects

200

(1)

A Causal Argument for God

201

(2)

Another Argument for God: Continuity

203

(1)

A Nonstandard Interpretation

204

(1)

The Spirit or Mind

204

(1)

Other Minds

205

(1)

Conclusion

206

(2)

Biography: David Hume (1711--1776)

208

(29)

Hume: Ideas and Impressions

211

(7)

Ideas and Impressions

213

(1)

Simple and Complex Perceptions

213

(2)

Association

215

(1)

Belief

216

(1)

Some Problems

216

(2)

Hume: Causation

218

(11)

Relations of Ideas and Matters of Fact

218

(1)

The Causal Relation

219

(1)

Universal Causal Axiom

220

(1)

The Idea of Cause

221

(1)

A Brief Overview

221

(1)

Particular Causal Inferences: Inductive Skepticism

222

(2)

The Need for Uniformity

224

(1)

The Five Strands

225

(1)

The Naturalistic Explanation

226

(1)

Matters of Fact and Relations Between Ideas

227

(2)

Hume: Material Bodies and Identity

229

(8)

The Senses and Reason

230

(1)

Imagination

231

(1)

Constancy and Coherence

231

(1)

Identity

232

(1)

Constancy

232

(1)

Mental Substance

233

(1)

Personal Identity

234

(1)

Some Problems

235

(2)

Part Two: Conclusion

237

(6)

Empiricism

237

(2)

Some Comparisons

239

(1)

Development

240

(3)

Part Three Kant

243

(3)

Kantian Starting Points

244

(2)

Biography: Immanuel Kant (1724--1804)

246

(49)

Kant: The Transcendental Aesthetic

249

(8)

Kant's Aims

249

(2)

Transcendental Idealism

251

(1)

The Transcendental Aesthetic

251

(1)

The Metaphysical Exposition of Space

252

(1)

The Argument from Geometry

253

(1)

Non-Euclidean Geometry

253

(1)

Time

254

(1)

Arithmetic

255

(1)

Conclusion

255

(2)

Kant: The Analytic of Concepts

257

(10)

Concepts

258

(1)

The Metaphysical Deduction

259

(1)

The Transcendental Deduction

260

(1)

The Transcendental Unity of Apperception

261

(1)

Objectivity and Experience

262

(2)

Noumenal Psychology

264

(1)

Conclusion

265

(2)

Kant: The Analytic of Principles

267

(13)

The Schematism

267

(2)

The First Analogy

269

(1)

Strawson's Alternative Interpretation

270

(1)

Another Argument

271

(1)

Substance

272

(1)

Causation

273

(1)

The Main Argument of the Second Analogy

273

(1)

Strawson's Objection

274

(1)

The Second Analogy

275

(1)

The Third Analogy

275

(1)

Refutation of Idealism

276

(1)

Transcendental Idealism

276

(1)

Phenomena and Noumena

277

(3)

Kant: The Transcendental Dialectic

280

(15)

Paralogisms

281

(1)

The First Paralogism: Substance

281

(1)

The Second and Third Paralogisms

282

(1)

The Antinomies

283

(1)

The First Antinomy: Time

284

(2)

The First Antinomy: Space

286

(1)

The Second Antinomy: Simples

287

(1)

The Third Antinomy: Freedom

287

(2)

The Fourth Antinomy: God

289

(2)

Conclusion

291

(4)

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Bacon to Kant : An Introduction to Modern Philosophy

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials