Bacterial Pathogenesis

, by Salyers, Abigail A.; Whitt, Dixie D.

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ISBN: 9781555811716 | 155581171X
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 12/1/2001

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Univ. of Illinois, Urbana. Text provides a comprehensive introduction to bacterial pathogenesis for students and researchers. Integrates material from pathogenic microbiology, molecular biology, immunology, and human physiology. More than 175 illustrations are included. Previous edition: c1994. Softcover. DNLM: Bacterial--pathogenicity.

Preface

Foreword

xix

PART I Basic Principles

(184)

The Uneasy Truce: Never Underestimate the Power of Bacteria

(16)

Why Bacteria Are Once Again in the Public Health Spotlight

(1)

Ancient History Takes a Toll on Today's Human Health

(1)

Pressing Current Issues

(9)

Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases

(4)

Food-Borne and Water-Borne Infections

(1)

Modern Medicine as a Source of New Diseases

(1)

Microbiota Shift Diseases

(1)

Genomics

(1)

Bioterrorism

(1)

New Solutions, New Hope

(1)

New Respect for Prevention

(1)

Surveillance--an Early Warning System

(1)

Making Hospitals Safe for Patients

(1)

And Now for the Really Good News--You've Got a Bacterial Infection

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Summary Outline

(1)

Questions

(1)

Approaching and Studying Bacterial Diseases

(15)

Microbes and Disease

(5)

Establishing a Connection--Koch's Postulates

(3)

Concepts of Disease

(2)

Measuring Infectivity and Virulence

(1)

Animal Models

(7)

Tissue Culture and Organ Culture Models

(3)

Good Information about the Pathology of a Disease

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Summary Outline

(2)

Questions

(1)

Molecular Approaches to the Diagnosis and Characterization of Bacterial Infections

(19)

Seeking Insights into Virulence

(2)

Molecular Koch's Postulates

(1)

Virulence as a Complex Phenomenon

(1)

The Importance of Bacterial Physiology

(1)

Molecular Microbe Hunting

(4)

Role of Molecular Methods in Diagnosis

(2)

PCR

(1)

Checkerboard Hybridization

(2)

RAPID-PCR

(2)

Ligase Chain Reaction

(1)

Ribotyping or Insertion Sequence Typing Using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP)

(1)

PFGE

(1)

Identifying Virulence Factors Experimentally

(8)

Cloning, Transposon Mutagenesis, and Transcriptional Fusions

(4)

Finding Genes That Are Expressed In Vivo

(2)

Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis

(1)

Molecular Mania--a Boon or a Boondoggle?

(2)

Selected Readings

(1)

Summary Outline

(2)

Questions

(1)

The First Line of Defense Against Infection: Prevention and the Phagocytic Cell Response

(16)

An Ounce of Prevention

(1)

The Human Brain--the First Line of Defense against Infection

(1)

Nonspecific and Specific Defenses

(3)

Definitions

(1)

Connections between Nonspecific and Specific Defense Systems

(2)

Fashion Statement

(1)

Epithelia

(1)

Defenses of Skin

(3)

Chemical and Physical Barriers to Bacterial Colonization

(1)

Normal Microbiota

(1)

Defenses of the Dermis

(1)

When Skin Is Breached

(1)

Common Themes

(1)

Defenses of Mucosal Surfaces

(1)

Phagocytes and Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells: Defende of Blood and Tissue

(5)

A Versatile Defense Force

(2)

Distribution of Phagocytic and Cytotoxic Cells

(2)

How Phagocytes Kill Bacteria

(1)

Just Say NO

(1)

Collateral Damage

(1)

Killing by Nonspecific Cytotoxic Cells

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Summary Outline

(2)

Questions

(1)

The First Line of Defense, Continued: Complement, Chemokines, and Cytokines

(15)

Characteristics and Roles of Complement

(2)

Steps in Complement Activation

(1)

Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in Directing the Phagocyte Response

(4)

Other Activities of Cytokines

(1)

Stress and Resistance to Disease: Connections between the Nervous System and the Immune System

(1)

The Dark Side of the Nonspecific Defenses: Septic Shock

(4)

Selected Readings

(1)

Summary Outline

(2)

Questions

(1)

The Second Line of Defense: Antibodies and Cytotoxic T Cells

(17)

Antibodies

(4)

Characteristics of Antibodies and Their Diverse Roles in Preventing Infection

(1)

Serum Antibodies

(2)

Secretory Antibodies--Antibodies That Protect Mucosal Surfaces

(1)

Affinity and Avidity

(1)

Cytotoxic T Cells

(1)

Production of Activated Cytotoxic T Cells and Antibodies

(5)

Processing of Protein Antigens by APCs

(2)

Interaction between APCs and T Cells: The T-Cell-Dependent Response

(1)

The Th1/Th2 View of Immunity Development

(1)

Production of Antibodies by B Cells

(1)

Links to Nonspecific Defenses

(1)

T-Independent Antigens

(1)

Mucosal Immunity

(2)

Development of the Specific Response System from Infancy to Adulthood

(1)

The Dark Side of the Specific Defenses--Autoimmune Disease

(1)

Selected Readings

(1)

Summary Outline

(4)

Questions

100

(1)

Vaccination--an Underappreciated Component of the Modern Medical Armamentarium

101

(14)

Vaccines--a Major Health Care Bargain

101

(2)

The Current Vaccine Situation

101

(2)

A New Form of Child Abuse (as if We Needed One)

103

(2)

The Success Stories

105

(3)

The Less-than-Success Stories

108

(3)

New Directions

111

(1)

Passive Immunization

112

(1)

Selected Readings

112

(1)

Summary Outline

113

(1)

Questions

114

(1)

Bacterial Strategies for Evading or Surviving the Defense Systems of the Human Body

115

(16)

Overview of Bacterial Defense Strategies

115

(1)

Colonization and Invasion of Host Surfaces

116

(7)

Penetrating Intact Skin

116

(1)

Penetrating the Mucin Layer

116

(1)

Resisting Antibacterial Peptides

117

(1)

Adherence

117

(4)

sIgA Proteases

121

(1)

Iron Acquisition Mechanisms

121

(1)

Invasion and Intracellular Residence

122

(1)

Evading Complement, Phagocytes, and the Antibody Response

123

(1)

Capsules

123

(4)

Resistance to Nitric Oxide

124

(1)

Other Strategies for Circumventing Complement and Phagocytes

124

(1)

Surviving Phagocytosis

124

(1)

Evading the Host's Antibody Response

124

(2)

The Opportunists

126

(1)

Selected Readings

127

(1)

Summary Outline

128

(2)

Questions

130

(1)

Bacterial Exotoxins: Important but Still a Mystery

131

(19)

Exotoxins, Toxic Proteins Produced by Bacteria

131

(7)

Transparent Mechanisms, Mysterious Purposes

131

(1)

Characteristics and Nomenclature

132

(1)

Exotoxin Structure and Function

133

(2)

Secretion and Excretion of Exotoxins

135

(3)

Examples of Diseases Caused by Toxins

138

(9)

Diphtheria

138

(4)

Botulism and Tetanus

142

(3)

Wound Infections

145

(1)

Toxins and Shock

146

(1)

Pasteurellosis

147

(1)

Selected Readings

147

(1)

Summary Outline

148

(1)

Questions

149

(1)

Antimicrobial Compounds

150

(18)

Antimicrobial Compounds: the Safety Net of Modern Medicine

150

(1)

Importance of Antimicrobial Compounds

150

(1)

Killing versus Inhibiting Growth

151

(1)

Antiseptics and Disinfectants

151

(1)

Mechanisms of Action

151

(1)

Resistance to Antiseptics and Disinfectants

152

(1)

Antibiotics

152

(4)

Characteristics of Antibiotics

152

(3)

The Process of Antibiotic Discovery

155

(1)

The Economics of Antibiotic Discovery

156

(1)

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Action

156

(7)

Targets of Antibiotic Action

156

(1)

Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibitors

157

(1)

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

158

(3)

Quinolones--a Class of Antibiotics That Targets DNA Replication

161

(1)

Rifampin--an Inhibitor of RNA Synthesis

162

(1)

Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides

162

(1)

Metronidazole

162

(1)

The Newest Antibiotics

162

(1)

The Continuing Challenge

163

(1)

Selected Readings

164

(1)

Summary Outline

165

(2)

Questions

167

(1)

How Bacteria Become Resistant to Antibiotics

168

(17)

The Dawning of Awareness

168

(2)

Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance

170

(7)

Overview of Resistance Mechanisms

170

(1)

Limiting Access of the Antibiotic

170

(1)

Enzymatic Inactivation of the Antibiotic

171

(1)

Active Efflux of the Antibiotic

172

(1)

Modification or Protection of the Antibiotic Target

173

(2)

Failure to Activate an Antibiotic

175

(1)

Regulation of Resistance Genes

175

(1)

Cross-Resistance and Linkage

176

(1)

Antibiotic Tolerance

177

(1)

Transfer of Resistance Genes

177

(3)

Why Mutation Is Often Not the Preferred Solution

177

(1)

Plasmids

178

(1)

Transposons and Integrons

178

(1)

Conjugative Transposons

179

(1)

Will We Return to the Preantibiotic Era?

180

(1)

Selected Readings

181

(1)

Summary Outline

182

(2)

Questions

184

(1)

PART II Specific Bacterial Pathogens

185

(276)

The Spirochetes: Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum

187

(15)

Lyme Disease

188

(1)

Features of B. burgdorferi

188

(2)

Morphology and Physiology

188

(2)

Borrelia Plasmids

190

(1)

The Borrelia Genome Sequence--Some Clues but Still Many Mysteries

190

(2)

The Tick-Mammal Cycle

192

(1)

Response of B. burgdorferi to Its Arthropod and Mammalian Hosts

192

(3)

Osps

192

(1)

Leaving the Bloodstream

193

(1)

The Lyme Disease Vaccine

193

(1)

Chronic Lyme Disease

194

(1)

Variation in the Severity of the Disease--Coinfection Confounds the Problem

194

(1)

Studying Virulence Factors of B. burgdorferi

195

(1)

Special Difficulties

195

(1)

Animal Models

195

(1)

Diagnosis and Prevention of Lyme Disease

195

(2)

Diagnosis

195

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

196

(1)

Syphilis and Lyme Disease: Two Spirochetal Diseases with a Similar Pathology but a Different Ecology

197

(1)

Progression of Syphilis

197

(1)

Diagnosis and Treatment of Syphilis

198

(1)

Taking Stock

198

(1)

Selected Readings

199

(1)

Summary Outline

200

(1)

Questions

201

(1)

Yersinia pestis, the Cause of Plague, and Its Relatives

202

(14)

The Rich and Terrible History of Yersinia pestis

202

(6)

Biological Warfare in the 14th Century

203

(1)

Modern Interest in Y. pestis

204

(1)

Characteristics of Y. pestis and Plague

204

(3)

Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Food-Borne Relatives of Y. pestis

207

(1)

Yersinia Plasmids

207

(1)

Virulence Factors of Y. pestis, Y. enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis

208

(5)

Virulence Factors Unique to Y. pestis

211

(1)

Survival in the Mammalian Body

212

(1)

Future Directions

213

(1)

Selected Readings

213

(1)

Summary Outline

214

(1)

Questions

215

(1)

Staphylococcus Species

216

(16)

The Many Types of Staphylococcal Infections

216

(3)

S. aureus

217

(1)

Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci: S. epidermidis and S. saprophyticus

217

(1)

Emerging Antibiotic Resistance, a Developing Horror Story

218

(1)

Characteristics of Staphylococci

219

(1)

Colonization of the Human Body

219

(1)

Key Features of the Staphylococci

219

(1)

Virulence Factors of S. aureus

220

(7)

Virulence Factors

220

(7)

Virulence Factors of the Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci

227

(1)

S. epidermidis

227

(1)

S. saprophyticus

228

(1)

Future Directions

228

(1)

Selected Readings

229

(1)

Summary Outline

229

(1)

Questions

230

(2)

Group A and Group B Streptococci and Enterococci

232

(15)

A Closer Look at Diseases Caused by Streptococci

233

(3)

The Changing Spectrum of Group A Streptococcal Disease

233

(1)

Understanding Disease Diversity

234

(2)

Group B Streptococci and Enterococci--Emerging Human Pathogens

236

(1)

Group B Streptococci

236

(1)

Enterococcal Infections

237

(1)

Virulence Factors

237

(8)

Group A Streptococci

237

(4)

Regulation of Virulence Factors

241

(1)

Virulence Factors of Group B Streptococci

241

(1)

Enterococcus Virulence Factors

242

(3)

Selected Readings

245

(1)

Summary Outline

245

(1)

Questions

246

(1)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Related Species, a Lesson in Versatility

247

(16)

A Consummate Opportunist

247

(1)

Characteristics of P. aeruginosa

248

(1)

Types of Infections

249

(2)

Virulence Factors

251

(9)

Measuring Virulence--Model Systems Raise Exciting New Possibilities

251

(1)

Overview of the Disease Process

252

(1)

Adhesins

253

(1)

The Type III Secretion System

254

(1)

ExoS and ExoU

254

(1)

Exotoxin A

255

(1)

Elastolytic Activity

255

(2)

Other Extracellular Factors

257

(1)

Alginate Production

257

(2)

LPS Variation

259

(1)

Antibiotic Resistance

259

(1)

Future Directions

260

(1)

Selected Readings

260

(1)

Summary Outline

261

(1)

Questions

262

(1)

Bordetella pertussis

263

(13)

Whooping Cough

263

(1)

Characteristics of the Disease

263

(1)

The Vaccine Dilemma

264

(1)

Overview of the Infection Process

264

(1)

Virulence Factors

264

(6)

Model Systems

264

(3)

Adherence

267

(1)

Toxins

268

(1)

B. pertussis and Phagocytic Cells

269

(1)

Is There a Type III Secretion System?

270

(1)

Type IV Secretion System

270

(1)

Regulation of Virulence Genes

270

(2)

Phenotypic Modulation (Transcriptional Regulation)

270

(2)

Phase Variation

272

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

272

(1)

Selected Readings

272

(1)

Summary Outline

273

(2)

Questions

275

(1)

Streptococcus pneumoniae

276

(15)

Pneumococcal Disease

276

(3)

Characteristics of S. pneumoniae

277

(1)

Progression of Pneumococcal Disease

278

(1)

Virulence Factors of S. pneumoniae

279

(6)

Animal and Cell Culture Models

279

(1)

Colonization of the Nose and Throat and Entry into the Lung

279

(1)

Survival in the Lung

280

(2)

Ability To Evoke an Inflammatory Response

282

(1)

Interaction with the Blood-Brain Barrier

283

(1)

Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis

283

(1)

Antibiotic Resistance

283

(1)

Natural Transformation

284

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

285

(2)

Antibiotic Therapy

285

(1)

Vaccines

286

(1)

Selected Readings

287

(1)

Summary Outline

288

(1)

Questions

289

(2)

Tuberculosis

291

(20)

A Disease of the Past Returns To Haunt the Future

291

(2)

Nothing Fails Like Success

292

(1)

Drug Resistance--a Worrisome New Development

292

(1)

So Soon We Forget

292

(1)

Spread and Progression of Tuberculosis

293

(5)

Symptoms and Mode of Spread

293

(1)

Progression of the Disease

293

(4)

Latency and Persistence--Another TB Mystery

297

(1)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Its Unusual Cell Wall--a Case of Fat Making for Lean and Mean

298

(1)

Treatment of TB and the Challenge Posed by Drug-Resistant Strains

298

(4)

Standard Treatment Options

298

(2)

The Emergence of Resistance

300

(1)

The W Strain--a Taste of Things To Come?

301

(1)

The Search for New Drugs

301

(1)

Diagnosis of TB

302

(1)

Virulence Factors

303

(3)

Studying Virulence Factors

303

(1)

Entry into and Survival in Phagocytes

303

(1)

Avoidance of the Activated Macrophage Response

304

(1)

Ability To Elicit a Destructive Inflammatory Response

305

(1)

Factors That Affect Host Susceptibility

305

(1)

Immunity to TB

306

(1)

BCG: a Widely Used but Controversial Vaccine

306

(1)

BCG as a Carrier for Other Vaccine Antigens

306

(1)

Selected Readings

307

(1)

Summary Outline

307

(2)

Questions

309

(2)

Legionella pneumophila and Legionnaires' Disease

311

(11)

The Dark Side of Modern Comforts: Air-Conditioning Turns Ugly

311

(1)

Legionnaires' Disease

312

(1)

The Natural Host?--a Free-Living Macrophage Equivalent

312

(1)

Virulence Factors

313

(5)

Problems with Determining Legionella Virulence Factors

313

(1)

Survival in Amoebae

314

(1)

Regulation of Virulence Genes

315

(1)

Interaction with Mammalian Macrophages

316

(1)

Damage to the Lung

317

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

318

(1)

Legionella as a Paradigm for Intracellular Pathogens

318

(1)

Selected Readings

319

(1)

Summary Outline

319

(2)

Questions

321

(1)

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae

322

(10)

Lifestyles of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydia pneumoniae

322

(3)

Characteristics of Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Species

325

(2)

Virulence Factors

327

(2)

M. pneumoniae

327

(1)

C. pneumoniae

328

(1)

Selected Readings

329

(1)

Summary Outline

329

(2)

Questions

331

(1)

Bacillus anthracis, the Cause of Anthrax

332

(7)

Features of the Disease

332

(1)

Virulence Factors

333

(2)

Ability To Germinate and Survive in Macrophages

333

(1)

Toxins

334

(1)

Antiphagocytic Capsule

335

(1)

Prevention of Anthrax

335

(1)

Selected Readings

336

(1)

Summary Outline

337

(1)

Questions

338

(1)

Helicobacter pylori, a Resourceful Gastric Pathogen

339

(13)

A Revolution in Gastroenterology

339

(3)

Good News--You're Infected!

339

(1)

The Long Road to Acceptance

340

(1)

The H. pylori-Inspired ``Gold Rush''

340

(2)

Characteristics of H. pylori

342

(1)

Morphology and Metabolism

342

(1)

Genomics

343

(1)

Virulence Factors

343

(3)

Animal Models

343

(1)

Colonization of the Stomach Mucosa

344

(1)

Eliciting an Inflammatory Response

345

(1)

LPS--Immune Mimicry

346

(1)

Type IV Secretion System

346

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

346

(3)

H. pylori Mysteries

349

(1)

Selected Readings

349

(1)

Summary Outline

350

(1)

Questions

351

(1)

Clostridium difficile and Pseudomembranous Colitis

352

(11)

Pseudomembranous Colitis--a Disease Caused by Antibiotics

352

(1)

Emergence of Pseudomembranous Colitis

352

(1)

Characteristics of C. difficile

353

(1)

Development and Ecology of the Disease

353

(2)

Virulence Factors

355

(4)

Toxins

355

(3)

Other Virulence Factors

358

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

359

(1)

Selected Readings

360

(1)

Summary Outline

361

(1)

Questions

362

(1)

Vibrio cholerae, the Cause of Cholera

363

(18)

Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Cholera

363

(3)

Progression of the Disease

363

(1)

History and Distribution of Cholera Outbreaks

364

(2)

Solving the Cholera Problem

366

(1)

Virulence Factors

366

(9)

Overview

366

(1)

Colonization of the Small Intestinal Mucosa

367

(1)

Cholera Toxin

368

(5)

Other Toxins Produced by V. cholerae

373

(1)

Gene Capture--a Role for Integrons

374

(1)

The Capsule of V. cholerae O139--a Difference, but Probably Not an Important One

374

(1)

Antibiotic Resistance

374

(1)

Transcriptional Regulation of Virulence Genes

375

(1)

The ToxR/ToxS/ToxT Regulatory System

375

(1)

Regulation in Response to Iron Levels

376

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

376

(1)

Oral Rehydration Therapy

376

(1)

The Frustrating Search for a Safe and Effective Cholera Vaccine

377

(1)

Future Directions

377

(1)

Selected Readings

378

(1)

Summary Outline

379

(1)

Questions

380

(1)

Salmonella Species

381

(17)

Salmonella Species and Serogroups

381

(1)

Diseases Caused by Salmonella Species

382

(2)

S. typhimurium

382

(1)

S. typhi

383

(1)

Virulence Factors

384

(8)

Animal Models

384

(1)

Overview of the Disease Process

384

(2)

Adherence and Invasion

386

(5)

Host Factors That Affect Susceptibility to Salmonella Infections

391

(1)

Why Is S. typhi So Invasive?

391

(1)

Acid Tolerance Response

392

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

392

(2)

Antibiotic Therapy

392

(1)

Vaccines

393

(1)

Salmonella as a Basis for Other Vaccines

393

(1)

Future Directions

394

(1)

Selected Readings

394

(1)

Summary Outline

395

(2)

Questions

397

(1)

Listeria monocytogenes, a Doubly Motile Pathogen

398

(9)

Listeriosis

398

(2)

Characteristics of Disease Caused by Listeria monocytogenes

398

(2)

Listeria as a Model for Studies of the Cell-Mediated Immune Response and Cytoskeleton Formation

400

(1)

Virulence Factors

400

(4)

Animal and Cell Culture Model Systems

400

(1)

Genetic System

400

(1)

Motility

400

(1)

Invasion and Cell-to-Cell Spread

400

(1)

LLO (hly)

401

(1)

PI-PLC (plcA) and PC-PLC (plcB)

402

(1)

Metalloprotease

402

(1)

Actin-Based Motility

402

(1)

Systemic Spread of L. monocytogenes

403

(1)

Organization and Regulation of Virulence Genes

404

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

404

(1)

Selected Readings

405

(1)

Summary Outline

405

(1)

Questions

406

(1)

Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains

407

(15)

Different Types of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Strains

407

(1)

Classification of Pathogenic E. coli Strains

408

(3)

Serogroup and Serotype

408

(1)

Virotype

408

(3)

Virulence Factors

411

(7)

ETEC Strains

411

(1)

EAggEC Strains

412

(2)

EPEC Strains

414

(2)

EHEC Strains

416

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

416

(2)

Selected Readings

418

(1)

Summary Outline

418

(2)

Questions

420

(2)

Escherichia coli Extraintestinal Infections

422

(15)

Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections

422

(2)

Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

422

(1)

Hospital-Acquired (Nosocomial) Urinary Tract Infections

423

(1)

Virulence Factors of E. coli Strains That Cause Urinary Tract Infections

424

(8)

Colonization of the Colon and Vagina

424

(1)

Adhesins

425

(1)

Invasion of Uroepithelial Cells

426

(1)

Toxins

427

(1)

Other Virulence Factors

427

(1)

UPEC Strains--a Paradigm for Adhesion Biogenesis

428

(1)

Organization and Regulation of Virulence Genes

429

(3)

Meningitis and Other Disseminated Infections

432

(1)

Virulence Factors Associated with Strains That Cause Meningitis, Pneumonia, and Septicemia

433

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

433

(1)

Selected Readings

434

(1)

Summary Outline

434

(2)

Questions

436

(1)

Neisseria Species

437

(15)

The Two Pathogenic Neisseria Species

437

(1)

Types of Disease

438

(1)

Commonalities

438

(1)

Gonorrhea

438

(2)

Gonorrhea--Still a Major Public Health Problem

438

(1)

Just When We Thought We Were Seeing the Light at the End of the Tunnel, It Turned Out To Be the Headlight of an Oncoming Train

439

(1)

What You Don't Know Can Hurt You: Complications of Gonorrhea

439

(1)

Meningococcal Meningitis

440

(1)

Virulence Factors

441

(6)

N. gonorrhoeae

441

(1)

How N. gonorrhoeae Evades the Host Defense Responses

442

(5)

N. meningitidis

447

(1)

Prevention and Treatment

447

(2)

Gonorrhea

447

(1)

Meningococcal Meningitis

448

(1)

Selected Readings

449

(1)

Summary Outline

449

(2)

Questions

451

(1)

Chlamydia trachomatis

452

(9)

The Hidden Epidemic

452

(2)

C. trachomatis--a Lot of Pathogenic Potential in a Very Small Package

454

(2)

Virulence Factors

456

(2)

Special Problems Faced by Scientists Working on Chlamydiae

456

(1)

Adherence and Invasion by EBs

456

(2)

Prevention and Treatment

458

(1)

Closing Observations

459

(1)

Selected Readings

459

(1)

Summary Outline

459

(1)

Questions

460

(1)

APPENDIX 1 Overview of Bacterial Secretion Systems, Bacterial Adhesins and Their Mechanisms of Assembly, and Major Bacterial Toxins

461

(6)

A. Secretion Systems of Bacteria

461

(1)

B. Adhesins and Mechanisms of Assembly

462

(2)

C. Major Bacterial Toxins

464

(3)

APPENDIX 2 Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions

467

(28)

Glossary

495

(30)

Index

525

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Bacterial Pathogenesis

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials