Bacterial Pathogenesis

, by Salyers, Abigail A.; Whitt, Dixie D.

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ISBN: 9781555810702 | 1555810705
Cover: Paperback
Copyright: 4/1/1994

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Bacterial Pathogenesis: A Molecular Approach is the first text designed to provide a comprehensive introduction to this dynamic field for both students and researchers. The application of molecular techniques to the study of bacterium-host interaction has made possible great progress in fundamental understanding of the molecular basis of infectious diseases. In the text the authors integrate material from pathogenic microbiology, molecular biology, immunology, and human physiology to provide a complete but accessible overview of the field.

Preface

xxi

(4)

Foreword

xxv

I Introduction to the Host-Parasite Interaction

(110)

1 Host Defenses Against Bacterial Pathogens: Defenses of Body Surfaces

(13)

Clinical Importance of Understanding Host Defenses

(1)

Preventing Contact Between Host and Pathogen

(1)

Skin and Mucosal Surfaces: The Body's First Line of Defense

(5)

Skin

(1)

Mucous Membranes

(2)

Special Defenses of Specific Mucosal Surfaces

(4)

Mouth and Respiratory Tract

(1)

Eyes

(1)

Intestinal Tract

(1)

Urogenital Tract

(2)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(1)

2 Host Defenses Against Bacterial Pathogens: Defenses of Tissue and Blood

(14)

Constitutive, Nonspecific Defenses

(8)

Transferrin

(1)

Phagocytes: Monocytes, Macrophages, and Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes

(2)

Complement

(4)

Mannose-Binding Protein

(1)

Inflammation

(1)

Induced Defenses: Antibodies, Activated Macrophages, and Cytotoxic T Cells

(2)

Antibodies

(1)

Production of Antibodies and Activation of Macrophages and Cytotoxic T Cells

(1)

Factors That Impair or Improve Host Defenses

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(1)

3 Virulence Factors That Promote Colonization

(17)

What Is Virulence?

(2)

Infection, Disease, and Virulence Factors

(1)

Koch's Postulates and Their Limitations

(1)

The Molecular Version of Koch's Postulates

(1)

Colonization and Invasion of Host Surfaces

(8)

Adherence

(1)

Invasion and Intracellular Residence

(2)

Motility and Chemotaxis

(1)

Secretory Immunoglobulin A Proteases

(1)

Iron Acquistion Mechanisms

(1)

Evading Complement, Phagocytes, and the Antibody Response

(5)

Capsules

(1)

Other Strategies for Circumventing Complement and Phagocytes

(1)

Surviving Phagocytosis

(1)

Evading the Host's Antibody Response

(1)

Is the Current Concept of "Virulence Factor" Too Restrictive?

(3)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(1)

4 Virulence Factors That Damage the Host

(16)

Exotoxins

(7)

Characteristics and Nomenclature

(1)

Exotoxin Structure and Function

(5)

Exotoxin Derivatives as Vaccines

(1)

Roles of Exotoxins in Disease

(1)

Hydrolytic Enzymes

(1)

Bacterial Products That Provoke an Autoimmune Response

(1)

Endotoxin and Other Toxic Bacterial Cell Wall Components

(5)

Characteristics and Cellular Location of Endotoxin

(1)

Other Toxic Cell Wall Components

(1)

Septic Shock

(4)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(1)

5 Regulation of Virulence Genes

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Adaptive Challenges Faced by Pathogenic Bacteria

(1)

Importance of Virulence Gene Regulation to Scientists

(1)

Types of Regulation

(7)

Gene Amplification

(1)

Gene Rearrangements, Replacements, and Mutations

(1)

Transcriptional Regulation

(2)

Control of Gene Expression by RNA Secondary Structure

(1)

Supercoiling

(1)

Posttranscriptional Regulation

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(1)

6 Experimental Approaches to Investigating the Host-Bacterium Interaction

(17)

Designing an Experimental System for Studying the Bacterium-Host Interaction

(6)

Choice of Bacterial Strain and Species

(1)

Animal Model Systems

(1)

Cultured Cell Lines and Their Limitations

(3)

Surmounting the Limitations of Cultured Cell Lines

(1)

Measurements of Virulence

(1)

ID(50) and LD(50)

(1)

Measurements of Specific Steps in Colonization and Invasion

(1)

Identifying a Potential Virulence Factor and Proving That It Is Important for Virulence

(7)

Biochemical and Genetic Approaches

(1)

Genetic Approaches to Investigating Virulence Factors

(1)

Transcriptional (Operon) Fusions

(2)

PhoA Translational (Protein) Fusions

(3)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(2)

7 Vaccines and Other Approaches to Modulating the Immune Response

(7)

Virulence Factors and Rational Design of Vaccines

(1)

Properties of Good Vaccines

(4)

Stimulating a Strong Immune Response

(1)

Obtaining the Right Kind of Immune Response

(1)

Eliciting a Protective Response

(1)

Vaccine Cost

(1)

Vaccine Safety

(1)

Passive Immunization

(1)

Immune Stimulants Other Than Vaccines

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

(1)

SUMMARY

(1)

QUESTIONS

(1)

8 Antibiotics: Mechanisms of Action and Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance

(14)

Characteristics of Antibiotics

(1)

Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics

(4)

Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

(1)

Glycopeptides

(1)

Aminoglycosides

(1)

Tetracyclines

100

(1)

Macrolides and Lincosamides

100

(1)

Quinolones

101

(1)

Rifampin

102

(1)

Trimethoprim and Sulfonamides

102

(1)

Resistance Mechanisms

102

(5)

Gram-Negative Outer Membrane

102

(1)

Enzymatic Inactivation of the Antibiotic

103

(1)

Active Efflux of the Antibiotic

104

(1)

Modification of the Antibiotic Target

104

(1)

Regulation of Resistance Genes

105

(2)

Transfer of Resistance Genes

107

(2)

Plasmids

107

(2)

Conjugative Transposons

109

(1)

Origin of Antibiotic Resistance Genes

109

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

109

(1)

SUMMARY

110

(1)

QUESTIONS

110

(1)

II Paradigms of Bacterium-Host Interactions

111

(160)

9 Diphtheria

113

(9)

Diphtheria

113

(1)

Virulence Factors

114

(3)

Colonization of the Throat

114

(1)

Diphtheria Toxin

114

(3)

Regulation of Toxin Production

117

(2)

Treatment and Prevention of Diphtheria

119

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

120

(1)

SUMMARY

120

(1)

QUESTIONS

121

(1)

10 Scarlet Fever, Toxic Shock Syndrome, and the Return of Severe, Invasive Streptococcal Disease

122

(8)

Fluctuating Fortunes of Scarlet Fever and TSS

122

(2)

Virulence Factors

124

(4)

Studying Virulence of S. aureus and S. pyogenes

124

(1)

Exotoxins: TSST-1 and Streptococcal Pyrogenic Exotoxin A

124

(2)

S. pyogenes Versus the Host's Defenses

126

(2)

Regulation of S. pyogenes Virulence Genes

128

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

128

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

128

(1)

SUMMARY

129

(1)

QUESTIONS

129

(1)

11 Disease Without Colonization: Food-Borne Toxinoses Caused by Clostridium botulinum, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium perfringens

130

(11)

Botulism

131

(5)

Food-Borne Disease

131

(1)

Infant Botulism

132

(1)

Wound Botulism

133

(1)

Botulinal Toxin

133

(1)

Toxins C2 and C3

134

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

136

(1)

Food-Borne Disease Caused by S. aureus and C. perfringens

136

(3)

S. aureus Food-Borne Disease

136

(1)

Staphylococcal Enterotoxins

136

(2)

C. perfringens Food-Borne Disease

138

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

139

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

139

(1)

SUMMARY

139

(1)

QUESTIONS

140

(1)

12 Cholera (Vibrio cholerae)

141

(16)

Pathogenesis and Epidemiology of Cholera

141

(1)

Virulence Factors

142

(9)

Colonization of the Small Intestinal Mucosa

144

(2)

Cholera Toxin

146

(4)

Other Toxins Produced by V. cholerae

150

(1)

Virulence Gene Cassette: ctx, ace, and zot

150

(1)

Transcriptional Regulation of Virulence Genes

151

(1)

ToxR/ToxS/ToxT System

151

(1)

Regulation in Response to Iron Levels

152

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

152

(2)

Oral Rehydration Therapy

152

(2)

The Search for a Safe and Effective Cholera Vaccine

154

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

154

(1)

SUMMARY

155

(1)

QUESTIONS

156

(1)

13 Whooping Cough (Bordetella pertussis)

157

(12)

Whooping Cough

157

(1)

Stages of the Disease

157

(1)

Concerns About the Vaccine

158

(1)

Steps in Infection

158

(1)

Virulence Factors

158

(5)

Model Systems

158

(2)

Adherence

160

(1)

Toxins

161

(2)

B. pertussis and Phagocytic Cells

163

(1)

Regulation of Virulence Genes

163

(2)

Phenotypic Variation (Transcriptional Regulation)

163

(1)

Phase Variation

164

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

165

(2)

SELECTED READINGS

167

(1)

SUMMARY

167

(1)

QUESTIONS

168

(1)

14 Dysentery Caused by Shigella Species

169

(13)

Dysentery

169

(1)

Virulence Factors

170

(7)

Animal and Cell Culture Model Systems

170

(1)

Steps in Invasion of Cultured Mammalian Cells by Shigella spp.

171

(1)

Adherence, Invasion and Intracellular Release From the Endocytic Vesicle

171

(2)

Spread Within the Host Cell and Between Adjacent Host Cells

173

(1)

Invasion of the Colonic Mucosa

174

(1)

Killing of Mucosal Cells

175

(1)

Shiga Toxin and HUS

175

(2)

Reiter's Syndrome: An Autoimmune Response?

177

(1)

LPS

177

(1)

Organization of Virulence Genes

177

(1)

Regulation of Virulence Genes

177

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

179

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

179

(1)

SUMMARY

180

(1)

QUESTIONS

181

(1)

15 Listeria monocytogenes

182

(8)

Listeriosis

182

(1)

Virulence Factors

183

(4)

Animal and Cell Culture Model Systems

183

(1)

Genetic System

184

(1)

Motility

184

(1)

Adherence and Invasion

184

(1)

Listeriolysin O (LLO; hly)

185

(1)

Phospholipases (PI-PLC, plcA; PC-PLC, plcB)

185

(1)

Actin Tails

186

(1)

Other Possible Virulence Factors

186

(1)

Systemic Spread of L. monocytogenes

187

(1)

Organization and Regulation of Virulence Genes

187

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

187

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

188

(1)

SUMMARY

188

(1)

QUESTIONS

189

(1)

16 Escherichia coli Gastrointestinal Infections

190

(15)

The Amazing Variety of Diseases Caused by E. coli Strains

190

(1)

Serotypes and Virotypes

191

(3)

Serotype and Serogroup

191

(1)

Virotypes

191

(1)

Animal and Cell Culture Models

194

(2)

Virulence Factors of ETEC Strains

196

(3)

ETEC Adhesins

196

(1)

Toxins Produced by ETEC Strains

197

(2)

Virulence Factors of EAggEC Strains

199

(1)

EAggEC Adhesins

199

(1)

Toxins of EAggEC Strains

199

(1)

Virulence Factors of EPEC Strains

199

(3)

Stages in EPEC Interaction With Host Cells

199

(2)

Effects of EPEC Adherence on Host Cells

201

(1)

Virulence Factors of EHEC and EIEC Strains

202

(1)

EHEC Strains

202

(1)

EIEC Strains

203

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

203

(1)

SUMMARY

203

(1)

QUESTIONS

204

(1)

17 Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infections

205

(8)

Introduction

205

(1)

Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infections

205

(2)

Community-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

205

(2)

Hospital-Acquired Urinary Tract Infections

207

(1)

Virulence Factors of Uropathogenic E. coli Strains

207

(2)

Colonization of the Colon and Vagina

207

(1)

Adhesins

207

(1)

Toxins

208

(1)

Other Virulence Factors

209

(1)

Organization and Regulation of Virulence Genes

209

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

211

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

211

(1)

SUMMARY

212

(1)

QUESTIONS

212

(1)

18 Yersinia Infections

213

(16)

Pathogenic Yersinia Species

213

(4)

Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis

213

(3)

Y. pestis (Plague)

216

(1)

Virulence Mechanisms

217

(6)

Studying Yersinia Virulence Factors

217

(1)

Virulence Plasmids

217

(1)

Adherence and Invasion

217

(3)

Interaction With PMNs: Yops

220

(2)

Interaction With Complement

222

(1)

Ability to Acquire Iron

222

(1)

Special Traits of Y. pestis

222

(1)

Regulation of Virulence Genes

223

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

225

(1)

Antibiotic Therapy

225

(1)

Sanitation

226

(1)

Vaccines

226

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

226

(1)

SUMMARY

226

(2)

QUESTIONS

228

(1)

19 Salmonella Infections

229

(15)

Salmonella Species and Serogroups

229

(1)

Diseases Caused by Species and Serotypes of Salmonella

230

(2)

Gastroenteritis

230

(1)

Typhoid Fever

231

(1)

Virulence Factors

232

(7)

Tissue Culture and Animal Models

232

(1)

Adherence and Invasion

232

(4)

Virulence Plasmids

236

(1)

Survival in Phagocytes

237

(1)

Serum Resistance

238

(1)

Factors Affecting Survival in Liver and Spleen

238

(1)

LPS

238

(1)

Host Genes That Affect Susceptibility to Infection

238

(1)

Why Is S. typhi so Invasive?

239

(1)

Regulation of Virulence Genes

239

(1)

Invasin Genes

239

(1)

spv Genes

239

(1)

Survival in Phagocytes (pag and prg)

240

(1)

Acid Tolerance Response

240

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

240

(2)

Antibiotic Therapy

240

(1)

Vaccines

240

(1)

Salmonella Species as a Basis for Other Vaccines

241

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

242

(1)

SUMMARY

242

(1)

QUESTIONS

243

(1)

20 Neisseria gonorrhoeae

244

(16)

Gonorrhea

244

(3)

Gonorrhea: Still a Major Public Health Problem

244

(1)

Problem Posed by Antibiotic-Resistant Strains

245

(1)

Gonorrhea and Its Complications

245

(2)

Virulence Factors

247

(10)

Studying Virulence Factors

247

(1)

Adherence and Invasion

247

(3)

Hypervariable Surface Antigens

250

(5)

LOS and Serum Resistance

255

(1)

Blocking Antibodies

256

(1)

Interactions With Phagocytic Cells

256

(1)

Iron Acquisition

257

(1)

Continuing Search for a Vaccine Against Gonorrhea

257

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

258

(1)

SUMMARY

258

(1)

QUESTIONS

259

(1)

21 Pseudomonas aeruginosa

260

(11)

The Quintessential Opportunist

260

(1)

Virulence Factors

261

(7)

Types of Infections and Animal Models

261

(1)

Adhesins

262

(1)

Exoenzyme S

263

(1)

Exotoxin A

264

(1)

Elastolytic Activity

264

(1)

Other Extracellular Enzymes

265

(1)

Alginate Synthesis

265

(1)

Pigment Production

266

(1)

Antibiotic Resistance

267

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

268

(1)

SUMMARY

269

(1)

QUESTIONS

270

(1)

III Future Challenges

271

(68)

22 Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers: An Infectious Disease?

273

(9)

Revolution in Gastroenterology

273

(1)

Virulence Factors

274

(5)

Animal Models

274

(1)

Colonization of the Stomach Mucosa: Urease and Ammonia Production

274

(3)

Adhesins

277

(1)

LPS and Cytotoxins

277

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

279

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

280

(1)

SUMMARY

281

(1)

QUESTIONS

281

(1)

23 Pseudomembranous Colitis

282

(8)

Pseudomembranous Colitis: A Disease Caused by Antibiotics

282

(2)

Virulence Factors

284

(4)

Toxins

284

(4)

Adhesins

288

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

288

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

288

(1)

SUMMARY

289

(1)

QUESTIONS

289

(1)

24 Lyme Disease and Syphilis

290

(11)

Lyme Disease

290

(2)

Characteristics and Epidemiology

290

(1)

B. burgdorferi

291

(1)

Virulence Factors

292

(3)

Studying Virulence Factors

292

(1)

Progression of the Disease

293

(1)

Slow Protective Immune Response

293

(1)

Leaving the Bloodstream and Entering Host Cells

294

(1)

Inflammation

295

(1)

Is Chronic Lyme Disease an Autoimmune Disease?

295

(1)

Syphilis and Lyme Disease: Two Spirochetal Diseases With a Similar Pathology

295

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

297

(2)

Lyme Disease

297

(1)

Syphilis

297

(2)

SELECTED READINGS

299

(1)

SUMMARY

299

(1)

QUESTIONS

300

(1)

25 Legionnaire's Disease

301

(6)

The Dark Side of Modern Comforts: Air Conditioning Turns Ugly

301

(1)

Virulence Factors

302

(2)

Studying Legionella Virulence Factors

302

(1)

Survival in the Environment

302

(1)

Activation of Complement

303

(1)

Interaction With Phagocytes

303

(1)

Damage to the Lung

304

(1)

Treatment and Prevention

304

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

304

(1)

SUMMARY

305

(1)

QUESTIONS

306

(1)

26 Tuberculosis

307

(15)

A Disease of the Past Returns to Haunt the Future

307

(1)

Spread and Progression of TB

308

(3)

M. tuberculosis and Its Unusual Cell Wall

311

(1)

Emergence and Treatment of Drug-Resistant TB

311

(4)

Diagnosis of TB

315

(1)

Virulence Factors

316

(2)

Studying Virulence Factors

316

(1)

Survival in Phagocytes

316

(1)

Avoidance of the Activated Macrophage Response

317

(1)

Tissue Destruction

317

(1)

Resistance to Antitubercular Drugs

318

(1)

Immunity to TB

318

(4)

BCG: A Widely Used but Controversial Vaccine

318

(1)

Genetics of Host Resistance to Tuberculosis

319

(1)

BCG as a Basis for Other Vaccines

319

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

319

(1)

SUMMARY

320

(1)

QUESTIONS

321

(1)

27 Streptococcus pneumoniae

322

(10)

Streptococcus pneumoniae: An Inflammatory Subject

322

(1)

Characteristics of S. pneumoniae

323

(1)

Virulence Factors

324

(5)

Studying Virulence Factors

324

(1)

Adherence, Colonization, and Entry Into the Lung

324

(1)

Survival in the Lung

325

(1)

Ability to Evoke an Inflammatory Response

326

(1)

Interaction With the Blood-Brain Barrier

327

(2)

Treatment and Prevention

329

(1)

Antibiotic Therapy

329

(1)

Vaccine

329

(1)

SELECTED READINGS

329

(1)

SUMMARY

330

(1)

QUESTIONS

331

(1)

28 Streptococcal Sore Throat, Rheumatic Fever, and Glomerulonephritis

332

(7)

The Unsolved Riddle of Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis

332

(2)

Streptococcal Sore Throat

333

(1)

Rheumatic Fever

333

(1)

Glomerulonephritis

333

(1)

Endocarditis

333

(1)

Virulence Factors

334

(2)

Colonization of Throat and Skin

334

(1)

Ability to Provoke an Intense Inflammatory Response

335

(1)

The Classical View: Rheumatic Fever and Glomerulonephritis Are Autoimmune Diseases

335

(1)

The Revisionist View: Cytotoxins Play a Role

335

(1)

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Bacterial Pathogenesis

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials