Basic Concepts of Industrial Hygiene

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ISBN: 9781566702928 | 1566702925
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/29/1997

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Basic Concepts of Industrial Hygiene covers the latest & most important topics in industrial hygiene today. The textbook begins with a look at the history & basis for industrial hygiene, which provides students with a foundation for understanding later developments. The book contains an in-depth discussion of new OSHA regulations, such as HAZWOPER & Process Safety, which deal with high hazard situations. It also features a chapter on biological hazards of current concern in health care, including tuberculosis, AIDS, & hepatitis B.

SECTION 1 THE HISTORY AND PRESENT STATE OF WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY

(30)

Chapter 1 History and Basis of Industrial Hygiene: The Historical View

(6)

Industrial Hygienists

(2)

Other Occupational Health Professionals

(1)

Bibliography

(2)

Chapter 2 Government Regulation

(24)

The Occupational Safety and Health Act

(2)

Before the OSH Act

(1)

Provisions of the OSH Act

(1)

The Accumulated Regulations -- The Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

(1)

The Source of Standards

(3)

Changing Standards

(1)

Enforcement of Standards

(2)

Inspections

(2)

Contesting OSHA Citations

(1)

State-Run Programs

(1)

Recordkeeping

(4)

When and Where Must Incidents Be Reported?

(1)

What Is "Recordable"?

(2)

The Federal Right-to-Know Standard

(5)

Material Safety Data Sheets

(3)

Labeling

(1)

Training Programs

(1)

Written Hazards Communication Program

(1)

The Toxic Substances Control Act and the Environmental Protection Agency

(1)

Trends in Enforcement

(2)

Voluntary Protection Programs

(1)

How Successful Has OSHA Been?

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Problems

(4)

SECTION II BASICS OF TOXICOLOGY

(56)

Chapter 3 Toxic Effects

(14)

What Is Toxic?

(1)

Classes of Toxicity

(9)

Systemic Poisons

(1)

Lethal Doses

(1)

Toxins Affecting DNA

(4)

Mutagens

(2)

Carcinogens

(2)

Reproductive Toxins

(1)

Teratogens

(1)

Toxins Affecting Fertility

(1)

Neurotoxins

(1)

Other Toxic Effects

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Problems

(4)

Chapter 4 Measuring Relative Toxicity and Assessing Risk

(28)

Recognition of Hazard -- The Decision to Test

(1)

Toxicity Testing

(5)

Tolerance to Toxic Substances

(1)

The Target Population

(1)

Length of Exposure Times

(1)

Animal Testing

(3)

What Animal Shall Be Used?

(1)

Extrapolating Animal Data to Humans: The Size Difference

(1)

Designing Toxicological Experiments

(1)

Manner of Dosing

(1)

Length of Testing Time

(1)

Variability Among Test Animals

(1)

Reporting the Results -- Toxicity Units

(10)

Acute Lethal Dose

(2)

Probit Plots

(1)

Threshold Toxicity Values

(6)

Allergic Response

(1)

Animal State of Health

(1)

Terms Denoting Threshold Values

(1)

Multiple Exposures

(5)

The Special Problem of Cancer

(1)

Risk Assessment

(5)

Extrapolating Animal Data to Humans

(1)

Units for Recommended Maximum Exposure

(1)

Criticism of TLVs

(1)

Exposure to Pharmaceuticals

(1)

Biological Monitoring

(1)

OSHA Standards

(1)

Other Standards

(1)

Epidemiology

(3)

Prospective and Retrospective Studies

(1)

Designing an Epidemiological Study

(1)

Epidemiology and Workplace Health and Safety

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Problems

(3)

Chapter 5 Toxicokinetics: Toxicants Into, Around, and Out of the Body

(14)

Entry of Toxicants into the Body

(3)

By the GI Tract

(1)

Through the Skin

(1)

Through the Lungs

(1)

Distribution of Toxicants Throughout the Body

(2)

Metabolism

(1)

Removal from the Body

(3)

Kidneys

(2)

Liver

(1)

Half-Life of Toxicants

(1)

Key Points

(1)

Bibliography

(1)

Problems

(5)

SECTION III CHEMICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE

(146)

Chapter 6 Occupational Dermatosis and Eye Hazard

(28)

Occurrence of Industrial Dermatosis

(1)

Skin Anatomy

(1)

Epidermis

(1)

Dermis

(1)

Pores and Hair Follicles

(1)

Contact Dermatitis

(8)

Keratin Layer as a Barrier

(1)

Irritation

(1)

Irritant Contact Dermatitis

(2)

Physical Damage

(1)

Solvents

(1)

Soaps and Detergents

(1)

Allergic Contact Dermatitis

(1)

Determining Allergen Identify

(2)

Sources of Allergens

(1)

Photodermatitis

(1)

Hair Problems

(1)

Acne Type Dermatitis

(1)

Hydrocarbon Agents

(1)

Chloracne

(1)

Alteration of Skin Pigmentation

(1)

Corrosives

(2)

Acid

(1)

Alkali

(1)

Testing Degree of Hazard

(1)

Cancer

(1)

Infections

(1)

Prevention of Skin Irritation or Damage

(9)

Personal Hygiene

100

(1)

Predisposition

100

(1)

First Aid -- Corrosives

100

(1)

Prevention of Skin Contact

101

(1)

Barrier Creams

102

(1)

Types of Chemical Protective Clothing

102

(1)

Materials Used in Protective Clothing

102

(3)

Gloves

105

(1)

More Comprehensive Protection

106

(1)

Encapsulation Suits

107

(1)

Reusable versus Single-Use Protective Clothing

108

(1)

Decontamination

108

(1)

Eye Hazards

108

(4)

Damage by Chemicals

109

(1)

First Aid -- Chemicals in the Eyes

110

(1)

Damage by Radiant Energy

111

(1)

Lasers

111

(1)

Prevention

111

(1)

Key Points

112

(1)

Bibliography

112

(1)

Problems

112

(5)

Chapter 7 Inhalation Toxicology

117

(16)

Lung Structure and the Entry of Toxicants -- A More Detailed Description of the Respiratory System

117

(2)

The Nasal Cavity

117

(1)

The Pharynx and Bronchial Tubes

117

(1)

Alveoli

118

(1)

Phagocytic Cells of the Alveolus

118

(1)

The Nature of the Atmospheric Contaminants Affects the Likelihood of the Entry into the Blood

119

(1)

Gases or Vapors

119

(1)

Particles

119

(1)

Specific Examples of Hazardous Particulates

120

(2)

Silica

120

(1)

Asbestos

120

(1)

Talc

121

(1)

Mica

121

(1)

Fiberglass

121

(1)

Metals and Metal Oxides

122

(1)

Coal

122

(1)

Cotton Fiber

122

(1)

Other Dusts

122

(1)

Hazards of Gases

122

(5)

Asphyxiants

123

(3)

Simple Asphyxiants

123

(1)

Chemical Asphyxiants -- Carbon Monoxide

124

(1)

Hydrogen Cyanide

125

(1)

Hydrogen Sulfide

126

(1)

Irritants

126

(1)

Hazards of Vapors

127

(2)

Warning Properties of Gases and Vapors

129

(1)

Occupational Asthma

129

(1)

Key Points

130

(1)

Bibliography

131

(1)

Problems

131

(2)

Chapter 8 Protecting the Worker I: Monitoring the Plant Atmosphere

133

(26)

Identifying Hazards

133

(1)

Sampling

134

(7)

Grab Sampling

134

(1)

Integrated Sampling

134

(1)

General Air Sampling

135

(1)

Personal Air Sampling

136

(1)

Traps for Collecting Contaminants

136

(5)

Filters

136

(2)

Respirable Particulate Samples

138

(1)

Adsorption Tubes

138

(1)

Types of Adsorbent

139

(1)

Liquid Traps

140

(1)

Diffusional Sampling

141

(1)

Analytical Chemistry

141

(2)

Errors in Analysis

142

(1)

Minimizing Error

143

(1)

Analysis of Samples

143

(11)

On-site Analysis

143

(3)

Stain Tubes

143

(2)

Portable Direct Reading Detectors

145

(1)

Laboratory Analysis of Samples

146

(8)

Gas Chromatography

147

(2)

Atomic Absoption Methods

149

(1)

Spectrophotometric Methods

150

(2)

Other Methods

152

(2)

Chain of Custody

154

(1)

Deciding About the Safety of the Workplace

154

(1)

Key Points

155

(1)

Bibliography

155

(1)

Problems

156

(3)

Chapter 9 Protecting the Worker II: Providing Clean Air

159

(48)

Reducing the Level of Chemicals

159

(1)

Removing the Worker from the Chemical

160

(1)

Changing the Process in the Plant

160

(1)

Ventilation

160

(2)

Parameters of a Ventilation System

160

(2)

General Exhaust Ventilation

162

(4)

Limitations of General Ventilation

165

(1)

Local Exhaust Ventilation

166

(5)

Design of a Local Exhaust Ventilation System

166

(1)

Hoods

167

(1)

Hood Design

167

(1)

Hood Reach

167

(2)

Types of Hoods

169

(2)

Designs of Ventilation System Components

171

(10)

Ducts

171

(3)

Fans

174

(1)

Cleaners

175

(5)

Particulate Removal

176

(1)

Removing Large Particulate

177

(1)

Removing Respirable Particulate

178

(1)

Vapor and Gas Removal

179

(1)

Wall Losses

180

(1)

Chemical Personal Protective Equipment -- Respirators

181

(7)

Respirator Design

181

(1)

Negative Pressure Systems

182

(1)

Checking Respirator Fit

183

(2)

Positive Pressure Systems

185

(1)

Respirator Maintenance

186

(2)

Evaluating the Program

188

(3)

Monitoring the Air

188

(1)

Testing Ventilation Systems

189

(1)

Employee Health Records

190

(1)

Entry into Confined Spaces

191

(6)

Confined Spaces with Bad Atmospheres

191

(2)

Incorrect Oxygen Levels

191

(2)

Flammable Gases or Vapors

192

(1)

Toxic Gases or Vapors

193

(1)

Other Confined Space Hazards

193

(1)

Permit Entry Spaces

193

(3)

Retrieval from a Confined Space

195

(1)

Trenches

196

(1)

Indoor Air Quality

197

(3)

Building Intake of Outdoor Air

197

(1)

Sick Building Syndrome

197

(1)

Chemicals in Indoor Air

198

(1)

Monitoring Indoor Air Circulation

199

(1)

Humidity Control

200

(1)

Key Points

200

(1)

Bibliography

201

(1)

Problems

201

(6)

Chapter 10 Fire and Explosion

207

(14)

Fire: Gases and Vapors

207

(1)

Explosion

208

(1)

Predicting Hazard

209

(1)

Compressed Gases

209

(1)

Dust Fires and Explosions

210

(2)

Explosives

212

(1)

Combustion Products

212

(2)

Carbon Dioxide

212

(1)

Carbon Monoxide

213

(1)

Unburned Particulate

213

(1)

Sulfur Dioxide and Hydrogen Sulfide

213

(1)

Products of Chlorine Combustion

213

(1)

Hydrogen Cyanide

213

(1)

Metals

214

(1)

Burns

214

(1)

Fire Control

214

(2)

Fire Safety in Buildings

216

(1)

Key Points

216

(2)

Bibliography

218

(1)

Problems

219

(2)

Chapter 11 Protection from Chemicals in Special Situations: Large Chemical Operations, Hazardous Waste Site Cleanup, and Emergency Response

221

(14)

Large Chemical Operations -- Process Control

221

(1)

Processes Covered by the Regulation

221

(1)

Hazards at the Facility

222

(3)

Emergency Plan and Safety Program

225

(2)

HAZWOPER

227

(2)

Planning

227

(1)

Training

228

(1)

Safety Procedures on Site

228

(1)

Medical Surveillance

229

(1)

HAZMAT Teams

229

(1)

Key Points

229

(1)

Large Chemical Operations

229

(1)

HAZWOPER

230

(1)

Bibliography

230

(1)

Process Control

230

(1)

HAZWOPER

230

(1)

Problems

230

(5)

SECTION IV PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS IN THE WORKPLACE

235

(96)

Chapter 12 Occupational Hearing Loss

235

(24)

The Ear

235

(1)

The Nature of Sound

236

(5)

Frequency

237

(1)

Amplitude

238

(2)

Sound Level Meters

240

(1)

Measuring Exposure in the Workplace

241

(1)

Hearing Damage

241

(4)

Testing Hearing Damage

242

(3)

OSHA Regulations

245

(4)

Worker Protection Standards

245

(4)

Hearing Protection

249

(4)

Personal Hearing Protection

249

(2)

Engineering Controls

251

(1)

Air Exhaust

251

(1)

Controls Related to the Machinery

252

(1)

Room Design

252

(1)

Sound Barriers

253

(1)

Key Points

253

(2)

Bibliography

255

(1)

Problems

256

(3)

Chapter 13 Radiation

259

(18)

Nonionizing Radiation -- Ultraviolet Light

259

(1)

Damage to Skin

259

(1)

Workers at Risk

260

(1)

Ionizing Radiation

260

(2)

Radioactive Atoms

260

(2)

Stability of Atoms

260

(1)

Degree of Instability: Half-Life

260

(1)

Types of Radioactive Emissions

261

(1)

Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation

262

(4)

XXX and XXX Particles

263

(1)

XXX- and X-Rays

263

(1)

Neutrons

264

(1)

Shielding

264

(1)

Exposure to Ionizing Radiation

264

(2)

Radioactive Nuclides in the Workplace

264

(1)

X-Rays

265

(1)

Neutrons

265

(1)

Measurement

266

(4)

Measuring Devices

266

(2)

Geiger-Muller Counters

266

(1)

Scintillation Counters

267

(1)

Dosimeters

267

(1)

Units of Radioactivity

268

(2)

Units of Emission

268

(1)

Units of Exposure

268

(2)

Exposure Standards

270

(2)

Caution Signs

270

(1)

Special Circumstances in Radiation Exposure

270

(1)

Radiation from the Environment

271

(1)

Biological Effects of Radiation

272

(2)

Immediate Effects of Large Doses

273

(1)

Long Range Effects of Moderate Exposure

274

(1)

Key Points

274

(1)

Bibliography

275

(1)

Problems

275

(2)

Chapter 14 Working in Extreme Temperatures

277

(16)

Body Temperature Control

277

(1)

Heat Generation and Distribution in the Human Body

277

(1)

Heat Stress

278

(3)

Preventing Body Temperature Increase

278

(1)

Heart Rate

279

(1)

Other Factors in Response to Heat

279

(1)

Acclimatization

279

(1)

Prescription Drugs

279

(1)

Alcohol and Social Drug Consumption

279

(1)

Age

279

(1)

Physical Conditioning

280

(1)

Summarizing Heat Flow

280

(1)

Illness Due to Heat

281

(1)

Heat Cramps

281

(1)

Heat Exhaustion

281

(1)

Heat Stroke

281

(1)

Evaluation of Working Conditions

282

(1)

Exposure Standards

283

(3)

Engineering Controls and Work Practices

285

(1)

Protective Clothing and Heat Stress

285

(1)

Cold Stress

286

(2)

Body Defenses Against Temperature Decrease

286

(1)

Lowered Body Temperature -- Hypothermia

287

(1)

Localized Temperature Drop

287

(1)

Frostbite

287

(1)

Trench Foot

287

(1)

Protection

288

(1)

Clothing

288

(1)

Work Practices

288

(1)

Key Points

288

(1)

Bibliography

289

(1)

Problems

290

(3)

Chapter 15 Prevention of Accidents

293

(12)

Slip-and-Fall Accidents

293

(2)

Moving Parts and Objects

295

(1)

Hazardous Energy

295

(1)

Electrical Energy

295

(4)

Direct and Alternating Current Systems

295

(1)

Ohm's Law

296

(1)

Wiring Insulation

296

(1)

Grounded Circuits

297

(1)

Circuit Breakers and Fuses

297

(1)

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters

298

(1)

Electrical Damage to the Body

298

(1)

Electrical Fires

298

(1)

Regulations

299

(1)

Equipment Maintenance and Energy Sources -- Lockout/Tagout

299

(1)

Personal Protective Equipment

300

(1)

Right to Know -- Posting Hazards

300

(1)

Key Points

301

(1)

Bibliography

302

(1)

Problems

302

(3)

Chapter 16 Cumulative Trauma

305

(16)

Designing the Task to Avoid Trauma

306

(3)

Human Dimensions

307

(1)

Minimizing Repetitive Stress

307

(2)

Examples of Specific Problems

309

(7)

Hand and Wrist Anatomy

309

(1)

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

309

(2)

Redesigning the Task

310

(1)

Detecting the Start of Carpal Tunnel Problems

310

(1)

Trigger Finger

311

(1)

Compression in Fingers and Palms

312

(1)

The Elbow: Tennis Elbow

312

(1)

Back Problems: Lifting and Carrying

312

(2)

The Seated Employee: Design of Chairs and Workstations

314

(1)

Continuous Standing

315

(1)

Vibration

316

(1)

Lighting and Eye Problems

316

(2)

Eye Problems and Video Display Terminals

317

(1)

Conclusion

318

(1)

Key Points

318

(1)

Bibliography

319

(1)

Problems

319

(2)

Chapter 17 Biohazard

321

(10)

Infectious Disease

321

(7)

Tuberculosis

321

(1)

The Results of the Appearance of AIDS

322

(2)

Hepatitis B Virus

324

(1)

Other Diseases

324

(1)

Sources of Infection

324

(1)

Regulations

325

(1)

The Training Program

325

(1)

Selected Aspects of Compliance with the Rules

326

(2)

Worker Protection

326

(1)

Hepatitis B Vaccination

327

(1)

Disposal or Cleaning of Contaminated Materials

327

(1)

Bibliography

328

(1)

Problems

328

(3)

SECTION V APPLICATIONS OF INDUSTRIAL HYGIENE IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES

331

(76)

Chapter 18 Metals: Metals Preparation and Manufacturing

331

(26)

General Principles

331

(1)

Ore Mining, Processing, Smelting, and Refining

331

(6)

Mining

332

(1)

Underground Mining

332

(1)

Surface Mining

332

(1)

Mine Safety Regulations

333

(1)

Ore Dressing

333

(1)

Refining

334

(3)

Smelting

334

(2)

Electrolytic Purification

336

(1)

Hydrometallurgy

337

(1)

Modifying Metal Properties

337

(1)

Heat Treating

337

(1)

Case-Hardening Steel

338

(1)

Quenching

338

(1)

Hazards

338

(1)

Shaping Metal Products

338

(8)

Casting: Foundries

338

(4)

Hazards

340

(2)

Forging

342

(1)

Hazards

342

(1)

Stamping

343

(1)

Machining Metals: Cutting, Grinding, Boring

343

(2)

Cutting Oils

344

(1)

Laser Cutting

345

(1)

Welding

345

(1)

Airborne Hazards to Workers

345

(1)

Skin and Eye Hazards

346

(1)

Welding in Confined Spaces

346

(1)

Metal Preparation: Cleaning Metal Surfaces

346

(4)

Sandblasting

347

(1)

Degreasing

347

(3)

Cold Degreasing

347

(1)

Vapor Degreasing

348

(1)

Degreasing Solvents

348

(2)

Acid and Alkaline Cleaning of Metals

350

(1)

Surface Coating of Metal Products

350

(1)

Painting

350

(4)

Organic Solvent-Based Paints

351

(1)

Water-Based Paints

351

(1)

Powder Paints

352

(1)

Paint Application

352

(1)

Hazards to Workers

352

(1)

Electroplating

353

(1)

Key Points

354

(1)

Bibliography

354

(1)

Problems

355

(2)

Chapter 19 Metals II: Details About Specific Metals

357

(14)

Aluminium

357

(2)

Antimony

359

(1)

Arsenic

359

(1)

Beryllium

360

(1)

Cadium

360

(2)

Chromium

362

(1)

Cobalt

362

(1)

Copper

363

(1)

Indium

364

(1)

Lead

364

(2)

Manganese

366

(1)

Mercury

366

(1)

Nickel

366

(1)

Tin

367

(1)

Titanium

367

(1)

Tungsten

367

(1)

Uranium

368

(1)

Vanadium

368

(1)

Zinc

368

(1)

Key Points

369

(1)

Bibliography

369

(1)

Problems

370

(1)

Chapter 20 Polymers

371

(36)

Plastics

371

(19)

The Chemistry of Plastics

372

(2)

Linear and Thermoset Polymers

372

(1)

Addition and Condensation Polymers

373

(1)

The Relationship of Chemical Structure to Physical Properties

374

(1)

Addition to Plastics

375

(2)

Catalysts

376

(1)

Plasticizers

376

(1)

Pigments

376

(1)

Fillers

376

(1)

Flame Retardants

376

(1)

Blowing Agents

376

(1)

Other Additives

377

(1)

Where are Polymers Synthesized and Used?

377

(1)

Hazards of Polymer Synthesis

377

(2)

Types of Plastics Processing

379

(4)

Mixing

379

(1)

Casting and Injection Molding

379

(1)

Blow Molding

379

(1)

Vacuum and Pressure Forming

380

(1)

Extrusion and Calendaring

381

(1)

Molding Thermoset Plastics

381

(1)

Foam Processing

382

(1)

Hazards in Plastics Manufacturing

383

(1)

Comments on Specific Compounds

384

(6)

Monomers

384

(1)

Vinyl Chloride

385

(1)

Acrylonitrile

385

(1)

Styrene

385

(1)

Epoxy Resins Monomers

386

(1)

Phenolic and Amino Resin Monomers

386

(1)

Diisocyanates

386

(1)

Polyester and Alkyd Monomers

387

(1)

Acrylic Monomers

387

(1)

Polycarbonate Monomers

387

(1)

Nylon Monomers

387

(1)

Vinylidene Chloride

387

(1)

Vinyl Acetate

387

(1)

Ethylene

388

(1)

Viscose Rayon Components

388

(1)

Cellulose Acetate Components

388

(1)

Catalysts (Curing Agents)

388

(1)

Accelerators

389

(1)

Stabilizers

389

(1)

Plasticizers

389

(1)

Pigments

390

(1)

Fillers

390

(1)

Other Additives

390

(1)

Summary

390

(1)

Elastomers

390

(7)

The Use of Elastomers

391

(1)

Rubber Processing

391

(2)

Compounding and Mixing

391

(1)

Extruding

392

(1)

Calendaring

392

(1)

Forming and Curing

392

(1)

Tires

392

(1)

Hazards

393

(2)

Chemical Hazards with Specific Elastomers

393

(1)

Natural Rubber

394

(1)

Polyisoprene

394

(1)

Styrene-Butadiene Rubber and Polybutadiene

394

(1)

Nitrile Rubber

394

(1)

Neoprene

394

(1)

Butyl Rubber

395

(1)

Silicones

395

(1)

Chlorosulfonated Polyethylenes

395

(1)

Polysulfide Rubbers

395

(1)

Polyuethane

395

(1)

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Basic Concepts of Industrial Hygiene

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Basic Concepts of Industrial Hygiene

Summary

Table of Contents

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