Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics, Second Edition

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ISBN: 9781420055429 | 1420055429
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/9/2009

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Completely revised and updated, Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics facilitates the process of interdisciplinary research by introducing life scientists to the basic concepts of electromagnetic fields. This new edition outlines elements of EM that are helpful to life scientists working with physicists and electrical engineers. Each concept is presented with an associated application and discussion. Example applications include MRI, NMR, ultrasound, hyperthermia, neural stimulation, and cardiac pacing/defibrillation. With the liberal use of diagrams and graphs, this text covers the entire frequency spectrum through optical frequencies from a qualitative perspective beneficial to life scientists.

Preface	p. xi
Authors	p. xiii
Electric and Magnetic Fields: Basic Concepts	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Electric Field Concepts	p. 1
Magnetic Field Concepts	p. 5
Sources of Electric Fields (Maxwell's Equations)	p. 8
Sources of Magnetic Fields (Maxwell's Equations)	p. 12
Electric and Magnetic Field Interactions with Materials	p. 14
Other Electromagnetic Field Definitions	p. 17
Waveforms Used in Electromagnetics	p. 17
Sinusoidal EM Functions	p. 19
Root Mean Square or Effective Values	p. 21
Wave Properties in Lossless Materials	p. 22
Boundary Conditions for Lossless Materials	p. 25
Complex Numbers in Electromagnetics (the Phasor Transform)	p. 28
Wave Properties in Lossy Materials	p. 30
Boundary Conditions for Lossy Materials	p. 34
Energy Absorption	p. 35
Electromagnetic Behavior as a Function of Size and Wavelength	p. 36
Electromagnetic Dosimetry	p. 40
EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is Large Compared to the Object Size	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Low-Frequency Approximations	p. 46
Fields Induced in Objects by Incident E Fields in Free Space	p. 47
E Field Patterns for Electrode Configurations	p. 52
Capacitor-Plate Electrodes	p. 52
Displacement Current	p. 55
In Vitro Electrode Configurations	p. 57
Electrodes for Reception and Stimulation in the Body	p. 61
Electrodes for Reception	p. 64
Electrophysiological Assessment	p. 64
Intracellular Recording: Receiving Signals from Brain and Nerves	p. 65
Impedance Imaging	p. 65
Impedance Monitoring for Lung Water Content and Percent Body Fat	p. 66
Electrodes for Stimulation	p. 68
Cardiac Pacemakers and Defibrillators	p. 68
Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields	p. 69
Direct Nerve Stimulation	p. 70
Ablation	p. 70
Fields Induced in Objects by Incident B Fields in Free Space	p. 71
E Field Patterns for In Vitro Applied B Fields	p. 75
Measurement of Low-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields	p. 83
Summary	p. 90
EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is About the Same Size as the Object	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Waves in Lossless Media	p. 96
Spherical Waves	p. 96
Planewaves	p. 99
Wave Reflection and Refraction	p. 101
Planewave Reflection at Metallic Interfaces	p. 101
Planewave Reflection and Refraction at Dielectric Interfaces	p. 109
Waves in Lossy Media	p. 116
Waves in Metals	p. 116
Waves in Lossy Dielectrics	p. 117
Energy Absorption in Lossy Media	p. 117
Transmission Lines and Waveguides	p. 120
TEM Systems	p. 120
TEM Systems for Exposing Biological Samples	p. 125
Waveguides	p. 128
TE and TM Mode Patterns in Rectangular Waveguides	p. 128
Mode Excitation and Cutoff Frequencies	p. 131
Waveguide Systems for Exposing Biological Samples	p. 134
Resonant Systems	p. 135
Antennas	p. 138
Diffraction	p. 150
Diffraction from Apertures	p. 150
Diffraction from Periodic Structures	p. 152
Measurement of Mid-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields	p. 154
Summary	p. 160
EM Behavior When the Wavelength Is Much Smaller Than the Object	p. 161
Introduction	p. 161
Ray Propagation Effects	p. 163
Refraction at Dielectric Interfaces	p. 163
Optical Polarization and Reflection from Dielectric Interfaces	p. 165
Ray Tracing with Mirrors and Lenses	p. 168
Imaging with Lenses	p. 170
Graded-Index Lenses	p. 173
Total Internal Reflection and Fiber Optic Waveguides	p. 173
Multimode Optical Fibers	p. 175
Single-Mode Optical Fibers	p. 176
Propagation of Laser Beams	p. 177
Linewidths of Laser Beams	p. 177
The Gaussian Spherical Profile	p. 178
Propagation Characteristics of a Gaussian Beam	p. 179
Focusing a Gaussian Beam with a Lens	p. 181
Applying the Gaussian Beam Equations	p. 182
Scattering from Particles	p. 183
Rayleigh Scattering	p. 184
Mie Scattering	p. 185
Photon Interactions with Tissues	p. 187
Light Scattering in Tissues and Photon Migration	p. 188
Tissue Absorption and Spectroscopy	p. 189
X-Rays	p. 191
Measurement of High-Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields (Light)	p. 191
Summary	p. 193
Bioelectromagnetic Dosimetry	p. 195
Introduction	p. 195
Polarization	p. 197
Electrical Properties of the Human Body	p. 200
Human Models	p. 200
Energy Absorption (SAR)	p. 202
SARs at Low Frequencies	p. 203
SAR as a Function of Frequency	p. 204
Effects of Polarization on SAR	p. 205
Effects of Object Size on SAR	p. 207
Extrapolating from Experimental Animal Results to Those Expected in Humans	p. 208
Numerical Methods for Bioelectromagnetic Stimulation	p. 210
The Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method	p. 211
Computation of Fields in a Human under a 60-Hz Power Line	p. 213
Computation of SAR from Cellular Telephones	p. 213
The Impedance Method	p. 215
Calculation of the E Fields Induced Near Implants During MRI	p. 216
Modeling an Implant in the Human Body	p. 217
Results of the Numerical Calculations	p. 218
Electromagnetic Regulations	p. 222
Allowable Frequencies	p. 222
Limits on Absorbed Power	p. 222
Localized Exposure Limits	p. 224
Induced Current and Shock Guidelines	p. 224
Power-Line and Static Field Limits	p. 225
Conclusion and Summary	p. 226
References	p. 227
Electromagnetics in Medicine: Today and Tomorrow	p. 229
Introduction	p. 229
Fundamental Potential and Challenges	p. 229
Hyperthermia for Cancer Therapy	p. 232
Types of Hyperthermia Applicators	p. 233
Capacitive Applicators	p. 234
Inductive Applicators	p. 235
Radiative Applicators	p. 237
Invasive Applicators	p. 240
Engineering Problems Remaining in Hyperthermia	p. 241
Magnetic Effects	p. 242
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)	p. 242
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy	p. 245
Proposed Bioelectromagnetic Effects	p. 246
Soliton Mechanisms	p. 247
Spatial/Temporal Cellular Integration	p. 247
Stochastic Resonance	p. 247
Temperature-Mediated Alteration of Membrane Ionic Transport	p. 247
Plasmon Resonance Mechanisms	p. 247
Radon Decay Product Attractors	p. 247
Rectification by Cellular Membranes	p. 248
Ion Resonance	p. 248
Ca++ Oscillations	p. 248
Magnetite Interactions	p. 248
Emerging Bioelectromagnetic Applications	p. 248
Low-Frequency Applications	p. 249
Medium-Frequency Applications	p. 249
High-Frequency Applications	p. 250
Conclusion	p. 251
Electrical Properties of the Human Body	p. 253
Definition of Variables	p. 257
Decibels	p. 263
Index	p. 265
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics, Second Edition

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