Beating Drug Testing and Defending Positive Results

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ISBN: 9781607615262 | 1607615266
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 4/4/2010

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A majority of the Fortune 500 Companies implement some practice of workplace drug testing in their company policies. This practice was first initiated by President Ronald Reagan when he ordered federal agencies to drug test federal employees involved in sensitive positions as well as positions involving public safety. As a practicing toxicologist, Dr. Amitava Dasgupta is involved with the pre-employment drug testing at his own hospital and aptly shares his expertise in Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A Toxicologist’s Perspective, which covers all major issues concerning how people try to beat drug tests and defend positive test results. In each chapter, extensive references are cited so that readers can access more information on a particular topic that may interest them. The book will undoubtedly prove helpful to toxicologists, medical technologists, pathologists, human resources professionals and anyone interested in workplace drug testing.

Beating Drug Tests and Defending Positive Results: A General Overview	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Commonly Abused Drugs in the United States	p. 2
Workplace Drug Testing	p. 3
How People Try to Beat Drug Tests?	p. 3
How People Defend Positive Results?	p. 5
Designer Drugs/Rave Party Drugs and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 6
Detection of Designer/Rave Party Drugs	p. 8
Conclusions	p. 8
References	p. 9
Pharmacology of Commonly Abused Drugs	p. 11
Introduction	p. 11
Amphetamine, Methamphetamine and Related Drugs	p. 11
Metabolism of Amphetamine and Methamphetamine	p. 12
Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines	p. 12
Metabolism of Designer Drugs Derived from Amphetamines	p. 14
Overdoses and Fatalities from Amphetamines and Related Drugs	p. 15
Barbiturates	p. 15
Metabolism and Fatality from Barbiturates	p. 16
Benzodiazepines	p. 17
Pharmacology of Benzodiazepines	p. 17
Benzodiazepine Overdose and Fatality	p. 18
Cannabinoids	p. 19
Metabolism of THC	p. 19
THC Overdose	p. 20
Cocaine	p. 20
Pharmacology of Cocaine	p. 21
Abuse of Cocaine and Alcohol	p. 22
Fatality from Cocaine and Cocaethylene	p. 22
Opiates	p. 22
Pharmacology of Opiates	p. 23
Methadone	p. 24
Pharmacology of Methadone	p. 24
Phencyclidine	p. 24
Propoxyphene	p. 25
Methaqualone	p. 26
Glutethimide	p. 26
Conclusions	p. 26
References	p. 27
Workplace Drug Testing: SAMHSA and Non-SAMHSA Drugs	p. 29
Introduction	p. 29
SAMHSA Mandated Drugs	p. 30
Testing of Various SAMHSA Mandated Drugs	p. 31
Testing of Amphetamines	p. 32
Testing of Cannabinoid (Marijuana)	p. 33
Testing of Cocaine Metabolites	p. 34
Testing of Opiates	p. 36
Testing of Phencyclidine	p. 37
Testing of Non-SAMHSA Drugs	p. 38
Testing of Barbiturates	p. 38
Testing of Benzodiazepines	p. 40
Testing of Methadone	p. 40
Testing of Propoxyphene	p. 41
Testing of Methaqualone and Glutethimide	p. 41
Miscellaneous Issues in Workplace Drug Testing	p. 42
Conclusions	p. 42
References	p. 43
Synthetic Urine, Flushing, Detoxifying, and Related Agents for Beating Urine Drug Tests: Are They Effective?	p. 45
Introduction	p. 45
Synthetic Urine	p. 46
Composition of Synthetic Urine	p. 47
Specimen Integrity Testing	p. 47
Prosthetic Penis and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 48
Catheterization for Substituting Urine	p. 49
Flushing and Detoxifying Products	p. 50
Water Intoxication	p. 51
Diluted Urine and Drug Testing	p. 51
SAMHSA Criteria for Diluted/Substituted Urine	p. 53
Diluted Urine: Case Studies	p. 54
Do These Agents Work?	p. 55
Herbals to Beat Drug Tests	p. 56
Various Drugs and False Negative/Positive Screening Assay Results	p. 57
Conclusions	p. 58
References	p. 58
Household Chemicals and Internet Based Products for Beating Urine Drug Tests	p. 61
Introduction	p. 61
Household Chemicals as Urinary Adulterants	p. 62
Effect of Various Adulterants on Immunoassay Screening	p. 63
Effect of Various Household Adulterants on Specimen Integrity Testing	p. 65
Internet Based Urinary Adulterants	p. 67
Adulteration Product Urine Luck	p. 67
Adulteration Products Containing Nitrite	p. 68
Adulteration with Glutaraldehyde Containing Products	p. 69
Stealth as a Urinary Adulterant	p. 70
Papain as Urinary Adulterant	p. 71
Detection of Internet Based Adulterants	p. 71
Testing for Urine Luck	p. 71
Testing for Nitrite	p. 72
Testing for Stealth	p. 73
Testing for Glutaraldehyde	p. 73
Onsite Adulteration Check and Automated Assays	p. 73
Federal Guidelines for Additional Testing to Detect Adulterants	p. 75
A Case Study	p. 75
Conclusions	p. 76
References	p. 76
Adulterating Hair, Oral Fluid, and Sweat Specimens for Drug Testing	p. 79
Introduction	p. 79
Hair Drug Testing	p. 80
Hair Color and Incorporation of Drugs	p. 81
Environmental Contamination and Hair Drug Testing	p. 81
Adulteration of Hair Specimens	p. 83
Oral Fluid Testing for Abused Drugs	p. 84
Adulteration of Oral Fluid	p. 85
Sweat Testing	p. 86
Adulteration Issues	p. 86
Conclusions	p. 87
References	p. 87
Defending Positive Opiate and Marijuana Test Results	p. 89
Introduction	p. 89
Poppy Seeds and Opium	p. 90
Opium Content of Various Poppy Seeds	p. 90
Poppy Seed and Allergy	p. 91
Opiate Level After Consumption of Poppy Tea (Opium Tea)	p. 91
Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Urinary Opiates	p. 92
Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Opiate Levels in Other Matrix	p. 94
Consumption of Poppy Seed Containing Food and Impairment	p. 95
Brown Mixture and Opiate Levels	p. 95
Legal Consequence of Positive Opiate Due to Ingestion of Poppy Seed Containing Food	p. 95
Marker for Poppy Seed Consumption in Urine	p. 96
Defending Positive Marijuana Results	p. 97
Passive Inhalation of Marijuana	p. 97
Consumption of Hemp Products	p. 97
Case Study	p. 99
Conclusions	p. 99
References	p. 100
Defending Positive Cocaine Tests	p. 103
Introduction	p. 103
Herbal Tea and Cocaine	p. 104
Coca Tea and Urinary Level of Benzoylecgonine	p. 105
Legal Consequence of Positive Cocaine Due to Ingestion of Coca Tea	p. 106
Mugwort and Positive Cocaine	p. 107
Procaine and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 107
Benzocaine, Tetracaine, Lidocaine, and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 108
Paper Money Contaminated with Cocaine	p. 109
Handling Money Contaminated with Cocaine and Drug Testing	p. 110
Passive Inhalation/Exposure of Cocaine	p. 111
Case Studies	p. 112
Conclusions	p. 112
References	p. 113
Defending Positive Amphetamine Results	p. 115
Introduction	p. 115
OTC and Prescription Drugs that Produce False Positives with Amphetamine/Methamphetamine Immunoassays	p. 116
Use of Vicks“ Inhaler and Positive Methamphetamine Test	p. 117
Herbal Weight Loss Products and Amphetamine Assay	p. 119
Bitter Orange and Amphetamine Immunoassay	p. 120
False Positive GC/MS Methamphetamine Due to Ephedrine or Pseudoephedrine	p. 121
False Positive Amphetamine Due to Prescription Drug Mebeverine	p. 122
Analytical True Positive Amphetamine/Methamphetamine	p. 125
Case Studies	p. 126
Conclusions	p. 127
References	p. 127
Analytical True Positives in Workplace Drugs Testings Due to Use of Prescription and OTC Medications	p. 131
Introduction	p. 131
Prescription Medications Containing Benzodiazepines	p. 132
Topical Use of Cocaine and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 134
Prescription Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 135
Detection of Hydromorphone After Medical Use of Morphine	p. 136
Detection of Hydrocodone After Medical Use of Codeine	p. 137
OTC Opiates and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 138
Marinol and Workplace Drug Testing	p. 138
Marijuana and Chocolate	p. 139
Conclusions	p. 139
References	p. 140
Subject Index	p. 143
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