Between Equalization and Marginalization

This book provides the first comparative study of the long-term development of women's part-time work in Europe and the United States from 1950 onwards. The authors analyze a wealth of longitudinal and cross-sectional data on the work force, generating a powerful critique of the dominant theories that part-time work equalizes women's position vis à vis full-time workers or leaves women in part-time jobs wholly marginalized . Instead, the study asserts, women's increasing part-time employment in modern societies must be examined in the context of the sexual division of labor within the family.

List of Tables

xi

(4)

List of Figures

xv

(2)

List of Abbreviations

xvii

(1)

Notes on Contributors

xviii

1. Introduction: A Comparative Perspective on Part-Time Work

1

(21)

HANS-PETER BLOSSFELD

CATHERINE HAKIM

Introduction

1

(3)

Part-Time Work

4

(2)

Data and Analysis

6

(1)

A Theoretical Perspective on the Cross-National Comparisons

7

(10)

Plan of the Book

17

(5)

2. A Sociological Perspective on Part-Time Work

22

(49)

CATHERINE HAKIM

Three Types of Part-Time Job

23

(9)

The Rise in Part-Time Employment

32

(3)

The Sex-Role Preferences and Work Orientations of Part-Time Workers

35

(9)

The Feminist Perspective: Problems of Childcare

44

(3)

The Trade-Union Perspective: Part-Time Work as a Threat to Standard Jobs

47

(5)

Labour Mobility and Labour Turnover

52

(6)

Conclusions

58

(13)

3. Part-Time Work in Central and Eastern European Countries

71

(19)

SONJA DROBNIC

Introduction

71

(1)

Employment Characteristics of Planned Economies

72

(1)

Labour-Market Rigidities

73

(2)

Part-Time Work

75

(2)

Changes in Employment Regulations

77

(1)

Part-Time Work in the Transition Period

78

(7)

Conclusions

85

(5)

4. Full-Time and Part-Time Employment of Women in Greece: Trends and Relationships with Life-Cycle Events

90

(23)

HARIS SYMEONIDOU

Introduction

90

(1)

Post-War Trends in Women's Economic Activity Rates

90

(7)

Trends in Women's Part-Time Employment

97

(3)

Life-Cycle Events and Female Employment

100

(3)

Legislation Concerning the Working Mother

103

(5)

Evaluation of Women's Part-Time Employment

108

(1)

Summary and Conclusions

109

(4)

5. Part-Time Work in Italy

113

(20)

TINDARA ADDABBO

Introduction

113

(1)

Female Labour-Market Participation in Recent Decades

113

(5)

Findings From Econometric Models Using Microdata

118

(1)

The Expansion of Part-Time Work

119

(9)

The Demand for Part-Time Workers

128

(1)

Conclusions

129

(4)

6. The Family Cycle and the Growth of Part-Time Female Employment in France: Boon or Doom?

133

(31)

LAURENCE COUTROT

IRENE FOURNIER

ANNICK KIEFFER

EVA LELIEVRE

The Historical Record: From Family Worker to Part-Time Female Employee

134

(4)

A Family Policy Aimed at Encouraging Women's Employment

138

(1)

The Sharp Rise in Female Part-Time Employment in the Last Twenty Years

139

(3)

Legal Issues in Part-Time Employment

142

(1)

Characteristics of Part-Time Occupations

143

(16)

Conclusions

159

(5)

7. Part-Time Work in West Germany

164

(27)

HANS-PETER BLOSSFELD

GOTZ ROHWER

Introduction

164

(1)

Long-Term Trends in West German Women's Economic Activity Rate

165

(1)

Long-Term Trends in West German Women's Part-Time Employment

166

(6)

Women's Labour-Force Participation and the Family Cycle as Dynamic Processes

172

(5)

Age, Cohort, and Period Effects

177

(9)

Conclusions

186

(5)

8. Female Labour-Market Participation in the Netherlands: Developments in the Relationship between Family Cycle and Employment

191

(19)

PAUL DE GRAAF

HEDWIG VERMEULEN

The Rise of Part-Time Work

191

(6)

Historical Changes in Labour-Market Participation from a Life-Course Perspective

197

(3)

Cohort Analysis of Full-Time and Part-Time Work

200

(2)

Event History Analysis: Labour-Market Transitions

202

(5)

Conclusions

207

(3)

9. Part-Time Work among British Women

210

(37)

BRENDAN J. BURCHELL

ANGELA DALE

HEATHER JOSHI

Introduction

210

(1)

Historical Context

210

(3)

The Occupational Distribution of Part-Time Jobs

213

(3)

Women Working Part-Time: Reasons and Consequences

216

(4)

Part-Time Work and Domestic Responsibilities

220

(5)

Transitions into and out of Part-Time Jobs

225

(14)

Summary of Job Transition Results

239

(4)

Conclusions

243

(4)

10. Women's Employment and Part-Time Work in Denmark

247

(25)

SOREN LETH-SORENSEN

GOTZ ROHWER

Introduction

247

(1)

Women in the Labour Market

248

(2)

Labour-Market Participation

250

(4)

Explanatory Factors

254

(6)

Modelling Labour-Market Transitions

260

(4)

Looking at Selected Transition Probabilities

264

(2)

Conclusions

266

(6)

11. Managing Work and Children: Part-Time Work and the Family Cycle of Swedish Women

272

(17)

MARIANNE SUNDSTROM

Introduction

272

(2)

Characteristics of Part-Time Work in Sweden

274

(1)

Trends in Part-Time Work among Swedish Women 1970-1993

274

(2)

Part-Time Work and the Family Cycle

276

(1)

Part-Time Work around Childbirth

277

(4)

Part-Time Work while Children are Growing up

281

(1)

Part-Time Work, Cohort, Family, and the Role of Education

282

(2)

Conclusions

284

(2)

Appendix: Work Patterns among Subgroups of Women

286

(3)

12. Part-Time Work in the United States of America

289

(26)

SONJA DROBNIC

IMMO WITTIG

Introduction

289

(1)

Women's Paid Employment

290

(2)

Part-Time Employment

292

(5)

Characteristics of Part-Time Jobs

297

(1)

Data and Methods

298

(2)

Family-Cycle Variables

300

(1)

Findings

301

(4)

Effects of Education and Family Cycle

305

(3)

Discussion

308

(1)

Conclusions

309

(6)

13. Women's Part-Time Employment and the Family Cycle: A Cross-National Comparison

315

(10)

HANS-PETER BLOSSFELD

Introduction

315

(1)

Hypotheses

315

(2)

Syntheses of Results

317

(6)

Conclusions

323

(2)

Name Index

325

(5)

Subject Index

330

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Between Equalization and Marginalization Women Working Part-Time in Europe and the United States of America

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