Between Peace and War

When is war is the result of a nation's deliberate decision to advance its vital interests by force of arms? When is it brought about by miscalculation? What causes policy-makers to misjudge the consequences of their actions? This book takes up these and other questions in a comparative study of the origins, politics, and outcomes of international crisis based on data from 27 historical cases.

Richard Ned Lebow is professor of government and director of the Peace Studies Program at Cornell University. He has taught strategy at the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (Bologna Center) and at both the Naval and National War Colleges, and has taught political science at the City University of New York. Among his published works are White Britain and Black Ireland: The Influence of Social Stereotypes on Colonial Policy and (with Gregory Henderson and John Stoessinger) Divided Nations in a Divided World.

Preface	p. ix
Introduction	p. 1
Underlying vs. Immediate Causes of War	p. 1
Definition of Crisis	p. 7
Selection of Cases	p. 13
Structure of the Book	p. 18
The Origins of Crisis
Justification of Hostility	p. 23
Justification of Hostility	p. 24
The Tactics of Justifying Hostility	p. 29
An Alternative Pattern of Crisis	p. 37
Spinoff Crises	p. 41
The Origins of Spinoff Crises	p. 41
The Politics of Spinoff Crises	p. 53
Brinkmanship	p. 57
The Goals of Brinkmanship	p. 58
The Origins of Brinkmanship	p. 61
Commitments and Opportunities	p. 82
The Politics of Crisis
Cognitive Closure and Crisis Politics	p. 101
Cognitive Consistency and Misperception	p. 102
Decisional Conflicts and Defensive Avoidance	p. 107
Cognitive Processes and Decision-Making Pathologies	p. 111
Defensive Avoidance and Unconscious Conflict	p. 115
The July Crisis: A Case Study	p. 119
The Sources of Misperception	p. 148
The Politicization of Bureaucracy	p. 153
The Primacy of Domestic Politics	p. 169
The Role of National Self-Images	p. 192
Conclusions	p. 222
The Context of Crisis	p. 229
The Variety of Military Options	p. 232
Fear of Strategic Disadvantage	p. 238
Degree of Military Confidence	p. 242
Attitude Toward War	p. 247
Perceptions of the Inevitability of Conflict	p. 254
Prevention vs. Preparation for War	p. 264
Crisis Management and Beyond	p. 266
Crisis Type and Crisis Outcome	p. 266
Stress and Crisis Decision-Making	p. 268
The Limitations of Deterrence	p. 273
Problems of Coordination and Control	p. 281
The Future of Crisis Management	p. 291
Crisis and International Relations
Crisis as a Learning Experience	p. 309
Crisis and the Intensification of Hostility	p. 310
Crisis and the Amelioration of Hostility: The Fashoda Crisis	p. 317
The Lessons of Fashoda and Cuba	p. 326
Conclusions	p. 334
Thucydides Rebutted	p. 334
Name Index	p. 339
Subject Index	p. 344
Table of Contents provided by Syndetics. All Rights Reserved.

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Between Peace and War

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Between Peace and War

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