Beyond Boundaries

When V. S. Naipaul received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2001, the award marked the culmination of a literary tradition that was almost two hundred years in the making. The island nation of Trinidad and Tobago has produced such important writers and thinkers as C.L.R. James, J.J. Thomas, Eric Williams, Oliver Cromwell Cox, Sylvester Williams, George Padmore, Earl Lovelace, Arnold Rampersad, and Merle Hodge. Yet this literary legacy is not well known, particularly with respect to works dating from the nineteenth century.

Beyond Boundaries traces the development of the country's literary and intellectual history from the "Narrative of Louisa Calderon" (1803) to Stephen Cobham's Rupert Gray: A Tale of Black and White (1907). Selwyn R. Cudjoe examines a wide range of narratives by and about the people of Trinidad and Tobago, from treatises in the natural sciences, to journals and memoirs, histories, slave narratives, travelers' accounts, poems, stories, novels, theatrical works, and writings in the popular press. Along the way, he discusses such seminal work

Acknowledgments

ix

Introduction

1

(6)

The Menace of Color

7

(15)

Free Mulatto and the Early Expressions of Trinidad's Literature

22

(21)

Children of the Dark

43

(22)

The Textuality of Colonialism

65

(23)

Jammetization of the Culture, 1838--1851

88

(31)

The Emergence of a National Voice, 1852--1858

119

(24)

Naming the Land

143

(30)

Cultural Resistance: The Emergence of the Carnivalesque

173

(20)

Signs Taken as Wonders: Race and Race-Consciousness

193

(22)

Bodies in the West...

215

(35)

Cultural Self-Assertion: Savagery versus Civilization

250

(25)

The Romanticization of the Amerindian

275

(21)

The Negro's Grievance: Literature in the Service of a Cause

296

(23)

``Knights of the Mask''

319

(28)

The Revindication of the Races

347

(26)

Bibliography

373

(12)

Index

385

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Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials