Beyond Ideology A Case of Egalitarian Bias in

Beyond Ideology addresses the predominance of television news. This research attempts to rise above partisanship, that is, go beyond ideology in order to focus on cultural influences, if any, that may exist in the network newsrooms.

Preface

viii

Acknowledgements

ix

Introduction

1

(18)

Statement of the Problem

2

(5)

Purpose of the Study

7

(2)

Statement of the Method

9

(2)

Significance of the Study

11

(8)

Limitations and Definitions

12

(5)

Research Question

17

(2)

Literature Review

19

(40)

Aaron Wildavsky

19

(3)

Cultural Theory

22

(9)

Theoretical Background

22

(2)

Montesquieu: Culture, Function and Foundations

24

(2)

Culture, Religion and Styles of Life

26

(1)

Social Relations and Political Cultures

26

(4)

The Cultural Theory Approach

30

(1)

Political Culture and the Four Ways

31

(5)

Individualistic Cultures

31

(1)

Egalitarian Cultures

32

(1)

Hierarchical Cultures

33

(1)

Fatalistic Cultures

33

(1)

Comparing and Explaining the Viability of the Four Cultures

34

(1)

The four cultures and the four theories of the press

35

(1)

The relevance of the cultures

36

(1)

Cultural Competition, Politics and Egalitarianism

36

(7)

Equality of Condition

38

(2)

Rejection of Authority

40

(1)

System Blame

40

(3)

Case Studies Supporting Wildavsky's Claim: Newsroom Culture and Egalitarianism

43

(7)

Studies and the Egalitarian Trait of Equality of Condition

44

(2)

Studies and the Egalitarian Trait of Rejection of Authority

46

(2)

Studies and the Egalitarian Trait of System Blame

48

(2)

Reviews of Wildavsky's Work and Cultural Theory

50

(3)

Wildavsky's Reason for Cultural Theory

53

(6)

Cultural Clarity and Ideological Confusion

53

(3)

Beyond Ideology: A Case of Media Cultural Bias?

56

(3)

Methodology

59

(18)

Middle-Range Analysis

59

(2)

Meta-Analysis of Cultural Theory

61

(1)

Cultural Theory and the Reason for the Method

62

(2)

Previous Studies with a Similar Approach

62

(1)

Significance of Media Sources and Past Studies

63

(1)

Hypothesis: Criteria and Procedure

64

(3)

Coding the Media Studies

67

(5)

Individualism

67

(1)

Hierarchy

68

(3)

Egalitarianism

71

(1)

Criteria for Choosing Data Sources: Unit of Analysis

72

(5)

Results

77

(14)

Research Question

77

(1)

Findings

78

(5)

Wildavsky's Cultural Theory, the Coding Process and Findings

78

(3)

Media Studies and Measurable Egalitarian Traits

81

(2)

Hypothesis

83

(8)

Discussion

91

(26)

Summary of Findings

91

(1)

Reasons for Findings

91

(1)

Limitations

92

(1)

Future Studies

93

(1)

Cultural Theory and Egalitarian Consequences in Theory and Practice

94

(9)

Practical Implications: Egalitarian Media Power

96

(3)

Consequences of a Dominant Egalitarian Press

99

(4)

Possible Alternatives and Changes

103

(12)

Toward a Stable Society: Hierarchical/Individualistic Alliance

107

(4)

Suggestions Toward Media Balance

111

(4)

Conclusion

115

(2)

References

117

(14)

Index

131

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Beyond Ideology A Case of Egalitarian Bias in the News?

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