Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and

This book covers all aspects of bioavailability, as related to environmental contaminants. After a discussion of the definition of bioavailability and its context, focus is placed on the role of risk assessment and bioavailability. Methods of analysis are then discussed including a range of atomic spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques for metal analysis and chromatographic approaches for persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The occurrence, properties and eco-toxicity of POPs and metals in the soil/sediment environment are discussed. Particular emphasis is placed on the uptake of POPs and metals by plants (phytoextraction). Examples of POPs and metals in the environment are reviewed. Methods to assess the bioavailability of POPs and metals in the environment are discussed. The particular approaches considered are: non-exhaustive extraction techniques single extraction techniques sequential extraction techniques use of cyclodextrin and surfactants in-vitro gastrointestinal methods including physiological-based extraction test the use of bioasssays including earthworms. Finally, selected case studies highlight the importance of determining the bioavailability of POPs and metals.

John R. Dean took his first degree in Chemistry at UMIST, followed by an M.Sc. in Analytical Chemistry & Instrumentation at Loughborough University of Technology and finally a Ph.D. and D.I.C. in Physical Chemistry at Imperial College. He then spent 2 years as a postdoctoral research fellow at the Food Science Laboratory of M.A.F.F. in Norwich in conjunction with Polytechnic South West in Plymouth. The work focused on the development of directly coupled high performance liquid chromatography inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry methods for trace element speciation in foodstuffs. This was followed by a temporary lectureship in Inorganic Chemistry at Huddersfield Polytechnic. In 1988 he was appointed to a lectureship in Inorganic/Analytical Chemistry at Newcastle Polytechnic (now Northumbria University). This was followed by promotion to Senior Lecturer (1990), Reader (1994) and Principal Lecturer (1998). In 1998 he was awarded a D.Sc. (London) in Analytical & Environmental Science and was the recipient of the 23^rd SAC Silver Medal in 1995. He has published extensively in analytical and environmental science. He is an active member of the Royal Society of Chemistry Analytical Division having served as a member of the atomic spectroscopy group for 15 years (10 as honorary secretary), as well as a past chairman (1997-99). He has served on Analytical Division council for three terms and is currently its vice-president (2002-04) as well as chairman of the North East Region (2001-03).

Series Preface	p. xi
Preface	p. xiii
Acknowledgements	p. xvii
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols	p. xix
About the Author	p. xxiii
Contaminated Land and the Link to Human Health	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Soil Guideline Values	p. 2
Residential	p. 5
Allotments	p. 5
Commercial/Industrial	p. 5
Risk to Humans	p. 7
An Approach to Assess Contaminated Soils Relative to Soil Guideline Values	p. 8
Mean-Value Test	p. 9
Maximum-Value Test	p. 11
References	p. 14
Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Environmental Contaminants	p. 17
Introduction	p. 18
Sample Preparation for Elemental Analysis	p. 18
Solid Samples	p. 18
Liquid Samples	p. 21
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy	p. 25
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy	p. 33
Inorganic Mass Spectrometry	p. 40
Interferences in ICP-MS	p. 45
X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy	p. 49
Electrochemistry	p. 51
Hyphenated Techniques	p. 52
Comparison of Elemental Analytical Techniques	p. 53
Selected Resources on Elemental Analytical Techniques	p. 56
Specific Books on Atomic Spectroscopy	p. 56
Specific Books on Electroanalytical Techniques	p. 58
Sample Preparation and Analytical Techniques for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis of Environmental Contaminants	p. 59
Introduction	p. 60
Sample Preparation for Persistent Organic Pollutant Analysis	p. 60
Solid Samples	p. 60
Liquid Samples	p. 67
Gas Chromatography	p. 72
High Performance Liquid Chromatography	p. 74
Interfacing Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry	p. 78
Comparison of Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques	p. 84
Selected Resources on Persistent Organic Pollutant Analytical Techniques	p. 85
Specific Books on Chromatography	p. 85
Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Metals	p. 89
Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for Metals	p. 89
Single Extraction Methods for Metals	p. 90
Sequential Extraction Techniques for Metals	p. 99
Earthworms	p. 107
Earthworms in Bioavailability Studies	p. 111
Chemical-Extraction Methods to Estimate Bioavailability of Metals by Earthworms	p. 124
Plant Uptake	p. 126
Certified Reference Materials	p. 127
References	p. 141
Methods Used to Assess Bioavailability of Persistent Organic Pollutants	p. 145
Introduction	p. 145
Non-Exhaustive Extraction Techniques for POPs	p. 146
Selective or 'Mild-Solvent' Extraction	p. 148
Cyclodextrin Extraction	p. 164
Supercritical-Fluid Extraction	p. 168
Other Approaches	p. 174
Earthworm Studies	p. 176
Chemical-Extraction Methods Used to Estimate the Bioavailability of POPs by Earthworms	p. 178
Plant Uptake	p. 183
References	p. 189
Methods Used to Assess Oral Bioaccessibility	p. 191
Introduction	p. 191
Introduction to Human Physiology	p. 193
Considerations in the Design and Development of a Simulated in vitro Gastrointestinal Extraction Method	p. 195
Design of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method	p. 195
Development of an in vitro Gastrointestinal Method	p. 196
Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Metals	p. 198
Approaches to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Persistent Organic Pollutants	p. 210
Validity for Measuring Bioaccessibility	p. 213
References	p. 213
Selected Case Studies on Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants	p. 215
Bioavailability of Metals by Plants	p. 215
Background	p. 215
Experimental	p. 216
Results and Discussion	p. 218
Conclusions	p. 224
Specific References	p. 224
Bioaccessibility of Metals from Plants	p. 227
Background	p. 227
Experimental	p. 227
Results and Discussion	p. 229
Conclusions	p. 232
Bioavailability of POPs by Plants	p. 232
Background	p. 232
Experimental	p. 232
Results and Discussion	p. 234
Conclusions	p. 235
Bioaccessibility of POPs from Plants	p. 235
Background	p. 235
Experimental	p. 235
Results and Discussion	p. 237
Conclusions	p. 238
Recording of Information and Selected Resources	p. 241
Safety	p. 241
Recording of Information in the Laboratory	p. 242
Introduction	p. 242
Examples of Data Sheets	p. 243
Selected Resources	p. 253
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions	p. 259
Glossary of Terms	p. 275
SI Units and Physical Constants	p. 281
Periodic Table	p. 285
Index	p. 287
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Bioavailability, Bioaccessibility and Mobility of Environmental Contaminants

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