Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

, by Hooykaas, Paul J. J.; Hall, M. A.; Libbenga, K. R.

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ISBN: 9780444898258 | 0444898255
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 6/1/1999

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This book provides up-to-date coverage at an advanced level of a range of topics in the biochemistry and molecular biology of plant hormones , with particular emphasis on biosynthesis, metabolism and mechanisms of action. Each contribution is written by acknowledged experts in the field, providing definitive coverage of the field.

Preface

List of contributors

vii

Other volumes in the series

xxi

I - Introduction and Methodology

Introduction: Nature, occurrence and functioning of plant hormones

(20)

Robert E. Cleland

What is a plant hormone?

(1)

The history of plant hormones

(1)

Methods for determining the biological roles of plant hormones

(2)

Methods

(1)

Cautions and problems

(1)

The occurrence and role of individual hormones

(12)

Hormone groups

(1)

Auxins

(2)

Cytokinins

(2)

Gibberellins

(1)

Ethylene

(2)

Abscisic acid

(1)

Other hormones

(3)

References

(4)

Physico-chemical methods of plant hormone analysis

(38)

Alan Crozier

Thomas Moritz

Introduction

(1)

The analytical problem

(1)

Extraction

(2)

Sample purification

(2)

Solvent partitioning

(1)

Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone

(1)

Solid phase extraction

(1)

Immunoaffinity chromatography

(1)

High performance liquid chromatography

(1)

Derivatization

(3)

Methylation

(2)

Trimethylsilylation

(1)

Permethylation

(1)

Other derivatives

(1)

Analytical methods

(18)

Gas chromatography-selected ion monitoring

(2)

High performance liquid chromatography analysis of indole-3-acetic acid

(5)

High performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

(10)

Metabolic studies

(3)

Concluding comments

(1)

Recent developments

(2)

References

(5)

Immunological methods in plant hormone research

(28)

Michael H. Beale

Introduction

(1)

Preparation and characteristics of antibodies

(12)

General considerations

(1)

Auxins

(1)

Cytokinins

(3)

Abscisic acid

(2)

Gibberellins

(3)

Brassinosteroids

(1)

Jasmonic acid

(1)

Fusicoccin

(1)

Immunoassays

(3)

General principles

(2)

Validation of assays

(1)

Immunoaffinity chromatography

(2)

Immunolocalisation

(1)

Anti-idiotypes and molecular mimicry

(1)

Immunomodulation of plant hormone levels

(1)

Conclusions

(1)

Acknowledgement

(1)

References

(5)

Structure-activity relationships of plant growth regulators

(26)

Gerard F. Katekar

Introduction

(1)

Auxins

(3)

Auxin structure-activity

(2)

Conformational analysis

(1)

Anti-auxins

(1)

Abscisic acid

(2)

Structure-activity

(1)

Receptor requirements

(1)

Cytokinins

(2)

Structure-activity

(2)

Competitive inhibitors

(1)

Gibberellins

(3)

Structure-activity

(3)

Ethylene

100

(2)

Structure-activity

100

(2)

A receptor probe

102

(1)

Brassinolides

102

(1)

Structure-activity

102

(1)

Receptor considerations

103

(1)

Jasmonic acid and related molecules

103

(2)

Properties

103

(1)

Structure-activity

104

(1)

Tuberonic acid

104

(1)

Fusicoccin

105

(1)

Structure-activity

105

(1)

Molecules which bind to the NPA receptor

106

(2)

Phytotropins

106

(2)

Other molecules

108

(1)

Conclusions

108

(1)

References

108

(7)

II - Control of Hormone Synthesis and Metabolism

Auxins

115

(26)

Janet P. Slovin

Robert S. Bandurski

Jerry D. Cohen

Inputs to and outputs from the IAA pool

115

(1)

Auxin biosynthesis

116

(6)

General - What is meant by synthesis?

116

(1)

De novo aromatic synthesis

117

(1)

Conversion of tryptophan to IAA

118

(2)

Pathways not involving tryptophan

120

(1)

4-Chloroindole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid in plants

121

(1)

Metabolism of IAA

122

(10)

The conjugates of IAA

122

(3)

Conjugation of IAA

125

(1)

Hydrolysis of IAA conjugates

126

(2)

IAA oxidation

128

(3)

Oxidation of IAA conjugates

131

(1)

Microbial pathways for IAA biosynthesis

132

(1)

Environmental and genetic control of IAA metabolism

133

(2)

Tropic curvature

133

(1)

Vascular development

133

(1)

Genetics of auxin metabolism

134

(1)

References

135

(6)

Control of cytokinin biosynthesis and metabolism

141

(20)

Eva Zazimalova

Alena Brezinova

Vaclav Motyka

Miroslav Kaminek

Introduction

141

(1)

Cytokinin biosynthesis

141

(6)

De novo formation of isoprenoid and isoprenoid-derived cytokinins

143

(4)

Formation of aromatic cytokinins

147

(1)

Cytokinin metabolism

147

(5)

Reactions resulting in N6 side chain modification

147

(3)

Reactions resulting in the modification of the purine ring

150

(2)

Mechanisms of regulation of cytokinin metabolism in plants

152

(3)

Control of cytokinin metabolism in plant cell

152

(3)

Conclusion

155

(1)

Acknowledgements

155

(1)

References

155

(6)

Regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis

161

(28)

Peter Hedden

Introduction

161

(1)

Gibberellin biosynthesis

161

(7)

Pathways

162

(4)

Enzymes

166

(2)

Genetic control of biosynthesis

168

(3)

Chemical control of biosynthesis

171

(1)

Developmental control

172

(4)

Gibberellin biosynthesis and fruit development

173

(2)

Seed germination and seeding growth

175

(1)

Feed-back regulation

176

(2)

Environmental control

178

(3)

Control of GA metabolism by light

178

(2)

Control of GA metabolism by temperature

180

(1)

Conjugation

181

(1)

Summary and future prospects

181

(1)

Acknowledgements

182

(1)

References

182

(7)

Abscisic acid metabolism and its regulation

189

(20)

Jan A.D. Zeevaart

Introduction

189

(1)

Chemistry and measurement

190

(1)

Biosynthesis

191

(6)

General aspects

191

(1)

Evidence for the indirect pathway

191

(2)

Xanthophylls to xanthoxin

193

(2)

Xanthoxin to abscisic acid

195

(2)

Catabolism

197

(4)

Catabolism of abscisic acid

197

(2)

Catabolism of (-)-abscisic acid

199

(2)

Regulation of biosynthesis

201

(1)

Regulation of abscisic catabolism

202

(1)

Conclusions and prospects

203

(1)

Acknowledgements

203

(1)

References

203

(6)

Control of ethylene synthesis and metabolism

209

(38)

Hidemasa Imaseki

Ethylene

209

(32)

Biosynthesis

210

(4)

ACC synthase

214

(12)

ACC oxidase (ethylene-forming enzyme, EFE)

226

(4)

Metabolism of ethylene and ACC

230

(2)

Regulation of ethylene biosynthesis

232

(8)

Genetic engineering of ethylene biosynthesis

240

(1)

References

241

(6)

Oligosaccharins as regulators of plant growth

247

(20)

Stephen C. Fry

Introduction

247

(1)

The polysaccharides from which oligosaccharins are derived

248

(1)

Xyloglucan

248

(1)

Pectic polysaccharides

249

(1)

Xyloglucan-derived oligosaccharides (XGOs)

249

(12)

Growth-inhibiting effects of xyloglucan oligosaccharides

249

(9)

Growth promoting effects of xyloglucan-fragments

258

(3)

Pectic oligosaccharides

261

(3)

Simple oligogalacturonides

261

(1)

Regulatory effects of other pectic fragments

262

(2)

Prospect

264

(1)

Acknowledgements

264

(1)

References

264

(3)

Jasmonic acid and related compounds

267

(10)

Teruhiko Yoshihara

Occurrence

267

(3)

Biosynthesis

270

(3)

Metabolism

273

(2)

References

275

(2)

Brassinosteroids

277

(18)

Takao Yokota

Introduction

277

(1)

Structural and biosynthetic relationships of BRs to sterols

278

(3)

Biosynthesis of sterols

281

(1)

Biosynthesis of brassinosteroids

281

(5)

Conversion of campesterol to campestanol

282

(2)

The early C6 oxidation pathway

284

(1)

The late C6 oxidation pathway

284

(1)

Conversion of castasterone to brassinolide

285

(1)

Regulation of brassinosteroid biosynthesis

285

(1)

Metabolism of brassinosteroids

286

(4)

Metabolism of castasterone, brassinolide, 24-epibrassinolide, 22,23,24-epibrassinolide in plants or explants

286

(2)

Metabolism of 24-epicastasterone and 24-epibrassinolide in cultured cells of tomato and Ornithopus sativus

288

(2)

Inhibitors of the biosynthesis and metabolism of brassinosteroids

290

(1)

References

291

(4)

Salicylic acid biosynthesis

295

(20)

Marianne C. Verberne

Retno A. Budi Muljono

Robert Verpoorte

Introduction

295

(2)

Salicylic acid biosynthesis along the phenylpropanoid pathway

297

(4)

Biosynthetic enzymes

300

(1)

Salicylic acid biosynthesis along the chorismate/isochorismate pathway

301

(8)

Biosynthetic pathway of SA

302

(2)

Biosynthetic pathway of 2,3-DHBA

304

(2)

Menaquinone biosynthesis

306

(2)

Regulation of SA and 2,3-DHBA biosynthesis

308

(1)

Conclusion

309

(1)

References

310

(5)

III - Hormone Perception and Transduction

Molecular characteristics and cellular roles of guanine nucleotide binding proteins in plant cells

315

(22)

P.A. Millner

T.H. Carr

Signal transducing GTPases within animal and fungal cells

315

(4)

Major subclasses

315

(3)

G-protein linked receptors and effectors

318

(1)

Evidence for plant G-proteins

319

(7)

Effects of GTP analogues

319

(1)

Cholera and pertussis toxins

320

(1)

Immunological evidence

321

(1)

Isolation and cloning of plant G-proteins

321

(5)

G-protein coupled receptors within plants

326

(1)

G-protein regulated effectors in plants

327

(1)

Nucleoside diphosphate kinases

328

(3)

Acknowledgements

331

(1)

References

331

(6)

Hormonal regulation of ion transporters: the guard cell system

337

(26)

S.M. Assmann

F. Armstrong

Introduction

337

(1)

Ion transport and its measurement

337

(3)

Summary of ionic events associated with stomatal movements

340

(5)

K+ channels and stomatal movement

341

(1)

Anion transporters in stomatal movement

341

(1)

Energising transporters and the control of Vm in stomatal movement

342

(1)

Ion transport at the tonoplast and its integration in stomatal function

342

(3)

Hormonal regulation of guard cell ion transport

345

(12)

Abscisic acid

345

(8)

Auxins

353

(2)

Other hormones: gibberellins, cytokinins, methyl jasmonate and ethylene

355

(2)

Conclusions and future prospects

357

(1)

Acknowledgements

357

(1)

References

357

(6)

Hormone-cytoskeleton interactions in plant cells

363

(28)

Frautiset Baluska

Dieter Volkmann

Peter W. Barlow

Introduction

363

(2)

Auxins and cytokinins

365

(11)

Auxins

365

(9)

Cytokinins

374

(1)

Interactions of auxins and cytokinins with the actin cytoskeleton

375

(1)

Gibberellins and brassinosteroids

376

(4)

Abscisic acid and ethylene

380

(3)

Abscisic acid

380

(1)

Ethylene

381

(2)

Other plant hormones and growth regulators

383

(1)

Provisional conclusions

384

(2)

References

386

(5)

Molecular approaches to study plant hormone signalling

391

(20)

Remko Offringa

Paul Hooykaas

Introduction

391

(1)

The mutant approach

391

(11)

Mutants that are insensitive or resistant to plant hormones

395

(2)

Hormone (independent) phenotypes

397

(1)

Suppressors of existing mutants

398

(1)

Hormone responsive promoters as tools

398

(4)

Other approaches

402

(4)

Identification through homology

402

(1)

Identification of transcription factors mediating the hormone response

403

(1)

Yeast as a tool to study plant signal transduction components

403

(3)

Conclusion

406

(1)

Acknowledgements

407

(1)

References

407

(4)

Auxin perception and signal transduction

411

(12)

Mark Estelle

Introduction

411

(1)

Rapid auxin responses

411

(1)

Auxin receptors

412

(2)

Signal transduction

414

(1)

Genetic studies of auxin response

415

(4)

Concluding remarks

419

(1)

Acknowledgements

419

(1)

References

419

(4)

Auxin-regulated genes and promoters

423

(38)

Tom J. Guilfoyle

Introduction

423

(1)

Auxin-responsive mRNAs

424

(11)

Aux/IAA mRNAs

425

(3)

GST mRNAs

428

(2)

SAUR mRNAs

430

(1)

GH3 mRNAs

431

(1)

ACC synthase mRNAs

431

(1)

Other auxin-responsive up-regulated mRNAs in plants

432

(1)

Auxin-responsive up-regulated mRNAs from pathogen genes

433

(1)

Auxin-responsive down-regulated mRNAs in plants

434

(1)

Organ and tissue expression patterns of auxin-responsive genes

435

(3)

Northern blot analysis

435

(1)

Tissue print and in situ hybridization analyses

435

(1)

Promoter-reporter gene analyses

436

(2)

Promoters of auxin-responsive genes

438

(9)

Conserved sequence motifs found in auxin-responsive promoters

438

(2)

Functional analysis of ocs/as-l AuxREs

440

(3)

Functional analysis of natural composite AuxREs

443

(3)

Functional analysis of other natural promoter fragments containing AuxREs

446

(1)

Synthetic composite AuxREs

447

(1)

Simple AuxREs

448

(1)

TGTCTC AuxRE transcription factors

449

(2)

Other transcription factors that bind cis-elements in auxin-responsive promoters

451

(1)

Perspectus

452

(1)

Acknowledgements

453

(1)

References

453

(8)

Cytokinin perception and signal transduction

461

(14)

Jean-Denis Faure

Stephen H. Howell

Introduction

461

(2)

Cytokinin mutants

463

(3)

Cytokinin overproduction or hyper-responsive mutants

463

(2)

Mutants that fail to respond to cytokinin

465

(1)

Cytokinin effects on gene expression

466

(1)

Cytokinin binding proteins

467

(2)

Calcium and cytokinin signaling

469

(2)

Protein phosphorylation and cytokinin signaling

471

(1)

References

472

(3)

Perception and transduction of ethylene

475

(16)

M.A. Hall

A.R. Smith

G.V. Novikova

I.E. Moshkov

Introduction

475

(1)

Ethylene perception

475

(6)

Biochemical and physiological studies

475

(4)

Molecular genetics

479

(2)

Transduction mechanisms

481

(4)

Biochemical and physiological studies

481

(4)

Molecular genetics

485

(1)

Ethylene perception and transduction: a synthesis

485

(4)

References

489

(2)

Abscisic acid perception and transduction

491

(22)

Peter K. Busk

Antoni Borrell

Dimosthenis Kizis

Montserrat Pages

Introduction

491

(1)

The biological role of ABA

491

(3)

Embryo dormancy, germination and desiccation tolerance

491

(1)

Growth and desiccation tolerance of vegetative tissues

492

(1)

Response to high salt stress and cold acclimation

493

(1)

Wounding response, heat tolerance and apoptosis

493

(1)

ABA induced gene expression

494

(3)

Definition of ABA responsive genes

494

(1)

Expression in the embryo and the role of VPI/AB13

495

(1)

Age- and organ-specific regulation in vegetative tissues

495

(1)

ABA dependent and independent gene expression in response to stress

496

(1)

ABA induced gene expression and protein synthesis

497

(1)

ABA signal transduction

497

(6)

Regulation of ABA synthesis

497

(1)

Second messengers in ABA induced stomatal closure

498

(1)

Second messengers in ABA induced expression

499

(1)

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation regulate the ion channels in guard cells in response to ABA

500

(1)

Intracellular signalling proteins

501

(1)

Regulatory pathways in the embryo

502

(1)

Regulation of transcription in response to ABA

503

(6)

Identification of cis-elements

503

(1)

Protein binding to the ABRE

504

(1)

The effect of promoter context

505

(1)

The effect of VPI

506

(2)

Chromatin structure

508

(1)

Acknowledgements

509

(1)

References

509

(4)

Salicylic acid: signal perception and transduction

513

(22)

Jyoti Shah

Daniel F. Klessig

Introduction

513

(1)

Salicylic acid - an important signal in plants

514

(6)

Biological pathways affected by salicylic acid

514

(2)

Salicylic acid and plant disease resistance

516

(2)

Is salicylic acid the systemic signal for SAR induction?

518

(2)

Perception and transmission of the salicylic acid signal

520

(14)

Salicylic acid-binding proteins in plants

520

(5)

Reactive oxygen intermediates as possible mediators of the salicylic acid signal

525

(1)

The salicylic acid signal transduction pathway

526

(4)

Salicylic acid-mediated gene activation

530

(4)

Future directions

534

(1)

Acknowledgements

535

(1)

References

535

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Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

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Table of Contents

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