Bioethics An Anthology

The new edition of the classic collection of key readings in bioethics, fully updated to reflect the latest developments and main issues in the field 

For more than two decades, Bioethics: An Anthology has been widely regarded as the definitive single-volume compendium of seminal readings on both traditional and cutting-edge ethical issues in biology and medicine. Acclaimed for its scope and depth of coverage, this landmark work brings together compelling writings by internationally-renowned bioethicist to help readers develop a thorough understanding of the central ideas, critical issues, and current debate in the field.

Now fully revised and updated, the fourth edition contains a wealth of new content on ethical questions and controversies related to the COVID-19 pandemic, advances in CRISPR gene editing technology, physician-assisted death, public health and vaccinations, transgender children, medical aid in dying, the morality of ending the lives of newborns, and much more. Throughout the new edition, carefully selected essays explore a wide range of topics and offer diverse perspectives that underscore the interdisciplinary nature of bioethical study. Edited by two of the field’s most respected scholars, Bioethics: An Anthology:

• Covers an unparalleled range of thematically-organized topics in a single volume
• Discusses recent high-profile cases, debates, and ethical issues
• Features three brand-new sections: Conscientious Objection, Academic Freedom and Research, and Disability
• Contains new essays on topics such as brain death, life and death decisions for the critically ill, experiments on humans and animals, neuroethics, and the use of drugs to ease the pain of unrequited love
• Includes a detailed index that allows the reader to easily find terms and topics of interest

Bioethics: An Anthology, Fourth Edition remains a must-have resource for all students, lecturers, and researchers studying the ethical implications of the health-related life sciences, and an invaluable reference for doctors, nurses, and other professionals working in health care and the biomedical sciences.

UDO SCHÜKLENK is Ontario Research Chair in Bioethics and Public Policy, Queen’s University at Kingston, Ontario, Canada. He has held academic appointments in Australia, the UK, and South Africa, and is a long-serving Joint Editor-in-Chief of the journal Bioethics, the official publication of the International Association of Bioethics.

PETER SINGER is Ira W. DeCamp Professor of Bioethics, Princeton University, USA. He is best known as the author of Animal Liberation, widely considered to be the founding statement of the animal rights movement, and for his role in inspiring the growth of effective altruism.

Acknowledgements

Introduction 

Part I      Abortion

Introduction

1.            Abortion and Infanticide Michael Tooley

2.            A Defense of Abortion Judith Jarvis Thomson

3.            The Wrong of Abortion  Patrick Lee and Robert George

From Andrew I. Cohen and Christopher Health Wellman, eds., Contemporary Debates in Applied Ethics (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014),

4.            Why Abortion is Immoral Don Marquis

Part II    Issues in Reproduction

Introduction

Assisted Reproduction

5.            Multiple Gestation and Damaged Babies: God’s Will or Human Choice?

                Greg Pence

6.            The Meaning of Synthetic Gametes for Gay and Lesbian People and Bioethics too Timothy Murphy J Med Ethics 2014;40:762–765.

7.            Rights, Interests and Possible People       Derek Parfit

Prenatal Screening, Sex Selection and Cloning

8.            Genetics and Reproductive Risk: Can Having Children Be Immoral? Laura M. Purdy            

9             Sex Selection and Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis

                The Ethics Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine

10.          Sex Selection and Preimplantation Diagnosis Julian Savulescu and Edgar Dahl

11.          Why We Should Not Permit Embryos to be Selected as Tissue Donors

                David King

12.          Cloning, Tooley

Part III                   Genetic Manipulation

Introduction

13.          Questions About Some Uses of Genetic Engineering Jonathan Glover

14.          The Moral Significance of the Therapy-Enhancement Distinction in Human             Genetics David B. Resnik

15.          In Defense of Posthuman Dignity Nick Bostrom  

16.          Francis Collins, “Statement on NIH funding of research using gene-editing technologies in human embryos,” https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/who-we-are/nih-director/statements/statement-nih-funding-research-using-gene-editing-technologies-human-embryos

17.          Cavaliere, G. 2018. Genome editing and assisted reproduction: curing embryos, society or prospective parents.  Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 21: 215-225.

18.          R Alta Charo. Who’s afraid of the big bad (germline editing) wolf?

19.           Julian Savulescu & Peter Singer “An ethical pathway for gene editing,” Bioethics  33 (2): 221-222 (2019).

Part IV                  Life and Death Issues

Introduction

20.          The Sanctity of Life          Jonathan Glover              

21.          Declaration on Euthanasia  Sacred Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith

Killing and Letting Die

22.          Active and Passive Euthanasia James Rachels

23.          The Morality of Killing: A Traditional View Germain Grisez and Joseph M. Boyle, Jr.

24.          Is Killing No Worse Than Letting Die? Winston  Nesbitt

25.          Why Killing Is Not Always Worse Than Letting Die Helga Kuhse

26.          Moral Fiction and Medical Ethics Franklin Miller, Robert Truog and Dan Brock

Newborns

27.          Robert Sade, “Can a physician ever justifiably euthanize a severely disabled neonate?” The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 149, p. 532 (2015).

28.          Gilbert Meilaender, “No to infant euthanasia,” The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 149, pp. 533-4 (2015).

29.          Udo Schuklenk, “Physicians can justifiably euthanize certain severely impaired neonates,” The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery 149, pp. 535-7 (2015).

30.          Gary Comstock, “You Should not have let your baby die” The New York Times (The Stone) July 12 ,2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/12/opinion/you-should-not-have-let-your-baby-die.html

31. Giubilini & Minerva: post birth abortion

32.          Christopher Kaczor, “Does a human being gain the right to live after he or she is born?” from Kaczor, “Abortion as a Human Rights Violation,” in Greasley and Kaczor, Abortion Rights: For and Against, Cambridge UP, 2018, pp. 92-98.

33.          Wilkinson, D, Savulescu, J. 2018. Hard lessons: learning from the Charlie Card case. Journal of medical ethics 44: 438-442.

Brain Death

34.          A Definition of Irreversible Coma               Report of the Ad Hoc Committee of the Harvard Medical School to Examine the Definition of Brain Death

35.          The President’s Council on Bioethics, “The Philosophical Debate,” from Controversies in the Determination of Death, pp.49-68.

36.          Peter Singer, 2018. The challenge of brain  death for the sanctity of life ethic. Ethics & Bioethics in Central Europe 8(3-4): 153-165.

37.          McMahan, J. 2006. Alternative to Brain Death. Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 34: 44-48.(using only the section “An Alternative Understanding of Brain Death,” pp.47-8, with some editing, to remove references to the earlier section.)

Advance Directives

38.          Life Past Reason Ronald Dworkin

39.          Dworkin on Dementia: Elegant Theory, Questionable Policy Rebecca Dresser

Voluntary Euthanasia and Medically Assisted Suicide

40.          The Note             Chris Hill

41.          When Self-Determination Runs Amok     Daniel Callahan

42.          When Abstract Moralizing Runs Amok John Lachs

43.          Steinbock, B. 2017. Physician-assisted death and severe, treatment-resistant depression. Hastings Center Report 47(5): 30-42. [Steinbock has agreed to update]

44.          Rooney, W, Schuklenk, U, Vathorst, S vd. 2018. Are concerns about irremediableness, vulnerability, or competence sufficient to exclude all psychiatric patients from medical aid in dying? Health Care Analysis 26: 326-343

Part V:                  Resource Allocation

Introduction

45.          Peter Singer, Lucy Winkett. In a pandemic, should we save younger lives?

46.          The Value of Life               John Harris

47.          Bubbles under the Wallpaper: Healthcare Rationing and Discrimination

                Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord

48.          Rescuing Lives: Can’t We Count?               Paul T. Menzel

49.          Should Alcoholics Compete Equally for Liver Transplantation?

                Alvin H. Moss and Mark Siegler

Part VI:                 Obtaining Organs

Introduction

50.          Organ Donation and Retrieval: Whose Body is it Anyway? Eike-Henner Kluge

51.          The Case for Allowing Kidney Sales           Janet Radcliffe-Richards et al

52.          Ethical Issues in the Supply And Demand of Human Kidneys

                Debra Satz

53.          The Survival Lottery        John Harris

Part VII:                Ethical Issues in Research

Introduction

Experimentation with Humans

54.          The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1978, pp. 1-20.

55.          Scientific Research is a Moral Duty           John Harris

56.          Participation in research is an imperfect moral duty: a response to John Harris    Sandra Shapshay and Kenneth D. Pimple

57.          Unethical Trials of Interventions to Reduce Perinatal Transmission of Human        Immunodeficiency Virus in Developing Countries Peter Lurie and Sidney M. Wolf

58.          We’re Trying to Help Our Sickest People, Not Exploit Them

                Danstan Bagenda and Philippa Musoke-Mudido

59.          Pandemic Ethics: The Case for Risky Research Peter Singer and Richard Yetter Chappell,

Experimentation with Animals

60.          Duties Towards Animals Immanuel Kant

61.          A Utilitarian View Jeremy Bentham

62.          Nathan Nobis, "Harmful, Nontherapeutic Use of Animals in Research is Morally Wrong," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October 2011, vol. 342, no. 4, pp. 297-304

63.          Dario Ringach, "Use of Nonhuman Animals in Biomedical Research," American Journal of the Medical Sciences, October 2011, vol. 342, no. 4, pp. 305-313

64.          Neuhaus, CP. 2018. Ethical issues when modelling brain disorders in non-human primates. Journal of medical ethics 44: 323-327

Academic Freedom and Research

65.          J.S. Mill, On Liberty, Ch II “Of the Liberty of Thought and Discussion” (extract) First published 1859

66.          Janet Kourany,”Should some knowledge be forbidden: the case of cognitive differences research” Philosophy of Science, 83 (December 2016) pp. 779–790.

67.          James Flynn “Academic freedom and race: You ought not to believe what you think may be true” Journal of Criminal Justice (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.05.010

Part VIII:                                              Public Health Issues

Introduction

68.          Ethics and Infectious Diseases Michael Selgelid

69.          XDR-TB in South Africa: No Time for Denial or Complacency

                J.A. Singh, R. Upshur, Nesri Padayatchi

70.          VIjayaprasad GopIChandran Clinical ethics during the Covid-19 pandemic: Missing the trees for the forest

71.          Giubilini, A, Douglas, T, Savulescu, J. 2018. The moral obligation to be vaccinated: utilitarianism, contractualism and collective easy rescue. Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy 21: 547-560.

72.          Levy, N. 2019. Taking Responsibility for Responsibility. Public Health Ethics https://doi.org/10.1093/phe/phz001

Part IX:                 Ethical Issues in the Practice of                                                                   Healthcare

Introduction

When do doctors have a duty to treat?

73.          U Schuklenk. What health care professionals owe us: why their duty to treat during a pandemic is contingent on Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). Journal of medical ethics

74.          Conscientious Objection in Health Care, Mark Wicclair, from Ethics in Practice: An Anthology, Fifth Edition, edited by Hugh LaFollete, Wiley, forthcoming, 2020.        

75.          Schuklenk, U. 2018. Conscientious objection in medicine: accommodation versus professionalism and the public good. British Medical Bulletin 126: 47-56.

Confidentiality

76.          Confidentiality in Medicine: A Decrepit Concept Mark Siegler

77.          KIPNIS

Truth-Telling

78.          On a Supposed Right to Lie from Altruistic Motives           Immanuel Kant

79.          Should Doctors Tell the Truth?   Joseph Collins

80.          On Telling Patients the Truth       Roger Higgs

Informed Consent and Patient Autonomy

81.          On Liberty, Chapter I (extract) John Stuart Mill

82.          from Schloendorff v. New York Hospital Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo

83.          Informed Consent: Its History, Meaning, and Present Challenges Tom L.Beauchamp

84.          The Doctor-Patient Relationship in Different Cultures Ruth Macklin

85.          Maura Priest. 2019. Transgender children and the right to transition: medical ethics when parents mean well but cause harm. AJOB 19: 45-59

86.          Amputee by Choice Carl Elliot

87.          Rational Desires and the Limitations of Life-Sustaining Treatment

                Julian Savulescu

Part X  Disability

88.          Elizabeth Barnes, “Valuing Disability, Causing Disability,” Ethics, 125 (2014) pp, 88-113

89.          Greg Bognar “Is Disability Mere Difference”  J Med Ethics 2016;42:46–49

90.          Prenatal Diagnosis and Selective Abortion:            A Challenge to Practice and Policy             Adrienne Asch [moved from prenatal screening section]

91.          Renata Lindeman, “Down syndrome screening isn’t about public health. It’s about eliminating a group of people.” Washington Post, June 16, 2015

92.          Ruth Marcus, “I would have aborted a fetus with Down syndrome: women need that right.” Washington Post, March 9, 2018.

Part XI:                                 Neuroethics

Introduction

93.          Neuroethics: Ethics and the Sciences of the Mind               N. Levy

94.          Engineering Love Julian Savulescu and Anders Sandberg

95.         Unrequited Love Hurts Francesca Minerva forthcoming in the Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics

96.          GLANNON

97.          KRAEMER

98 .         GOERING & YUSTE

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