Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control

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ISBN: 9781566702898 | 1566702895
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 8/31/1998

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The number-one environmental threat to public health, air pollution remains a pressing problem-made even more complicated by the massive quantity & diversity of air pollution sources. Biofiltration technology (using micro-organisms growing on porous media) is being recognized as one of the most advantageous means to convert pollutants to harmless products. Done properly, biofiltration works at a reasonable cost-utilizing inexpensive components, without requiring fuel or generating hazardous by-products. Firmly established in Europe, biofiltration techniques are being increasingly applied in North America: Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control offers the necessary knowledge to "do it right."

1 Introduction

(22)

1.1 Air Pollution legislation

(1)

1.2 Types of Waste gas treatment

(10)

1.2.1 Condensation

(1)

1.2.2 Incineration

(1)

1.2.3 Adsorption

(1)

1.2.4 Absorption

(1)

1.2.5 Membrane systems

(1)

1.2.6 Biological treatment

(2)

1.2.6.1 Biofilters

(1)

1.2.6.2 Biotrickling filters and bioscrubbers

(2)

1.2.7 Technology effectiveness and costs

(3)

1.3 Historical review of biofiltration

(2)

1.4 Biofiltration marketplace

(2)

1.5 Biofilter terminology

(4)

1.5.1 Empty bed residence time and true residence time

(1)

1.5.2 Surface (or volumetric) and mass loading rate

(1)

1.5.3 Removal efficiency and elimination capacity

(2)

1.6 Additional biofiltration resources

(1)

1.7 Conclusions

(1)

2 Mechanisms of biofiltration

(18)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Gas transfer

(5)

2.2.1 The equilibrium

(1)

2.2.2 Transfer rates

(4)

2.3 The water phase

(1)

2.4 Adsorbed contaminants

(6)

2.5 Contaminant biodegradation

(3)

2.5.1 The biofilm

(1)

2.5.2 Kinetics

(3)

2.6 Product generation

(2)

2.7 Heat generation

(1)

2.8 Conclusions

(1)

3 Biofilter media

(10)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Criteria for the choice of an optimal biofilter medium

(3)

3.2.1 Inorganic nutrient content

(1)

3.2.2 Organic content

(1)

3.2.3 Chemical and inert additives

(1)

3.2.4 Water content

(1)

3.2.5 pH

(1)

3.2.6 Sorption characteristics, porosity

(1)

3.2.7 Bacterial attachment

(1)

3.2.8 Mechanical properties

(1)

3.2.9 Odor of the packing

(1)

3.2.10 Packing cost and lifetime

(1)

3.2.11 Packing disposal

(1)

3.3 Materials used for biofilter media

(4)

3.3.1 Compost

(1)

3.3.2 Peat

(2)

3.3.3 Soil

(1)

3.3.4 Activated carbon

(1)

3.3.5 Wood chips or bark

(1)

3.3.6 Perlite

(1)

3.3.7 Synthetic media

(1)

3.4 Description of selected biofilter media

(2)

3.4.1 Compost-based and organic media

(1)

3.4.2 Soil media

(1)

3.4.3 Synthetic media

(1)

4 Controlling factors and operation of biofilters

(30)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Water content

(9)

4.2.1 Water in porous media

(3)

4.2.2 Thermodynamic relationships

(1)

4.2.3 Biological effects

(1)

4.2.4 Partition effects

(1)

4.2.5 Interference with air flow

(1)

4.2.6 Drainage

(1)

4.2.7 Control of water content

(1)

4.3 Temperature

(2)

4.4 Medium pH and alkalinity

(3)

4.5 Nutrients

(2)

4.6 Contaminant load and surface load

(1)

4.7 Oxygen limitation

(3)

4.8 Air flow direction

(1)

4.9 Dust and grease

(1)

4.10 Extreme biofilters

(7)

4.10.1 Low pH biofilters for sulfide oxidation

(1)

4.10.2 Anaerobic conditions in biofilters for chlorinated hydrocarbons

(2)

4.10.3 Biofilters using cometabolism

(1)

4.10.4 NO(x) biofilters

(1)

4.10.5 High-temperature biofilters

(1)

4.10.6 Low-water-content biofilters

(3)

5 Microbial ecology of biofiltration

(30)

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 Microbial species in biofilters

(4)

5.2.1 Selection and proliferation

(2)

5.2.2 Inoculation of biofilters

(2)

5.3 Substrate utilization

(8)

5.3.1 Induction

(1)

5.3.2 Substrate interaction

(1)

5.3.3 Acclimation

(3)

5.3.4 Uptake of dissolved compounds

(1)

5.3.5 Phagocytosis

(1)

5.3.6 Exoenzymes

(1)

5.3.7 Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

(1)

5.3.8 Cometabolism

(1)

5.3.9 Toxicity

(1)

5.4 The microbial community

(7)

5.4.1 Longitudinal stratification

(1)

5.4.2 Biofilms in biofilters

(5)

5.4.3 Higher organisms in biofilters

(1)

5.5 Biomass clogging

100

(2)

5.6 Microbial observation of biofilters

102

(7)

5.6.1 Microscopic observation

102

(1)

5.6.1.1 Light microscopes

102

(1)

5.6.1.2 Electron microscopes

103

(2)

5.6.2 Viable heterotrophic plate counts

105

(2)

5.6.3 Phospholipid fatty acid analysis

107

(2)

5.6.4 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extraction

109

(1)

5.7 Conclusions

109

(2)

6 Modeling biofiltration

111

(30)

6.1 Introduction

111

(1)

6.2 The challenge of modeling biofiltration

112

(1)

6.3 Biofilm models

113

(21)

6.3.1 Ottengraf's model

113

(7)

6.3.2 Devinny and Hodge model

120

(5)

6.3.3 Shareefdeen et al. model

125

(1)

6.3.4 Shareefdeen and Baltzis model with patches of biomass

126

(2)

6.3.5 Deshusses et al. model

128

(6)

6.4 QSAR models

134

(5)

6.4.1 Choi et al. model

135

(1)

6.4.2 Johnson and Deshusses model

136

(1)

6.4.3 Govind et al. model

137

(2)

6.5 Summary

139

(2)

7 Design of biofilters

141

(44)

7.1 Introduction

141

(1)

7.2 Experimental protocol for assessing biofilter technology

142

(7)

7.2.1 Preliminary testing and assessment of technology

143

(1)

7.2.2 Bench-scale testing

144

(3)

7.2.3 Pilot-scale testing

147

(2)

7.3 Design of full-scale biofilters

149

(25)

7.3.1 Reactor configuration

149

(4)

7.3.2 Biofilter vessel construction

153

(4)

7.3.3 Filter bed medium

157

(4)

7.3.4 Air distribution systems

161

(4)

7.3.5 Waste gas preprocessing

165

(1)

7.3.5.1 Contaminant species and concentrations

165

(1)

7.3.5.2 Particulate emissions

165

(1)

7.3.5.3 Temperature

166

(1)

7.3.5.4 Humidification for moisture control

166

(2)

7.3.6 Water irrigation for moisture control

168

(1)

7.3.6.1 Irrigation systems

169

(2)

7.3.6.2 Operational problems associated with irrigation systems

171

(1)

7.3.7 Computer control and analytical systems

172

(1)

7.3.7.1 Computer control systems

172

(1)

7.3.7.2 Analytical systems

173

(1)

7.3.7.3 Electrical requirements

173

(1)

7.4 Costs and economic considerations

174

(9)

7.4.1 Capital (investment) costs

174

(1)

7.4.2 Operating costs

175

(1)

7.4.2.1 Energy consumption

175

(3)

7.4.2.2 Water consumption and disposal

178

(1)

7.4.2.3 Monitoring and maintenance

178

(1)

7.4.2.4 Media replacement

178

(1)

7.4.3 Cost estimate example for a full-scale biofilter

179

(1)

7.4.4 Full-scale biofilter cost example

179

(1)

7.4.4.1 Capital costs

179

(1)

7.4.4.2 Annual operation and maintenance costs

180

(1)

7.4.4.3 Medium replacement costs (every 5 years)

181

(1)

7.4.4.4 Annualized Costs

181

(1)

7.4.4.5 Other cost Estimates

182

(1)

7.4.5 Summary

183

(1)

7.5 Conclusions

183

(2)

8 Biofilter startup and monitoring

185

(26)

8.1 Startup

185

(5)

8.1.1 Material shipping and handling

185

(1)

8.1.2 Loading of material

186

(1)

8.1.2.1 Inoculation

187

(1)

8.1.2.2 Nutrient and chemical addition

187

(1)

8.1.3 Air flow rates and mass loading

188

(1)

8.1.4 Water irrigation

189

(1)

8.1.5 Temperature

190

(1)

8.2 Monitoring

190

(1)

8.3 Air load

190

(5)

8.4 Contaminants

195

(5)

8.4.1 Input and output concentrations

195

(1)

8.4.2 Contaminant concentration variability

196

(1)

8.4.3 Pulse testing

196

(1)

8.4.4 Product concentrations

197

(1)

8.4.5 Instrumentation and techniques

197

(3)

8.5 Medium characteristics

200

(1)

8.5.1 Particle size distribution

200

(1)

8.5.2 Moisture characteristic curve and field capacity

200

(1)

8.5.3 pH and alkalinity

200

(1)

8.6 Water content

201

(1)

8.6.1 Input and output relative humidity

201

(1)

8.6.2 Medium moisture content

202

(1)

8.6.3 Irrigation water

202

(1)

8.7 Temperature

203

(1)

8.8 Medium permeability

203

(2)

8.8.1 Average permeability and head loss

203

(1)

8.8.2 Permeability homogeneity

204

(1)

8.9 Biological activity

205

(3)

8.9.1 Treatment success

205

(1)

8.9.2 Cell counts

205

(1)

8.9.3 Respiration

206

(1)

8.9.4 Biomass

206

(1)

8.9.5 Fatty acid analysis

207

(1)

8.9.6 Visual inspection of biofilters

207

(1)

8.10 Leachate characteristics

208

(1)

8.11 Humidifiers

208

(1)

8.12 Statistical analysis

209

(1)

8.13 Conclusions

209

(2)

9 Application of biofilters

211

(40)

9.1 Introduction

211

(1)

9.2 The ARA-Rhein biofilter: wastewater treatment adors and VOCs

211

(4)

9.2.1 Design and operation comments

211

(3)

9.2.2 Performance

214

(1)

9.3 Odor control from flavor and fragrance manufacturing

215

(1)

9.3.1 Design and operation comments

215

(1)

9.4 Odor reduction from flavor manufacturing in a closed bed biofilter

216

(2)

9.4.1 Design and operation comments

217

(1)

9.4.2 Performance

217

(1)

9.5 The Poughkeepsie biofilter: wastewater treatment odors

218

(2)

9.5.1 Design and operation comments

218

(2)

9.5.2 Performance

220

(1)

9.6 Soil biofilter to treat odors from a fabric softener facility

220

(5)

9.6.1 Design and operation comments

223

(1)

9.6.2 Performance

224

(1)

9.7 Small biofilters for gasoline vapor treatment at a soil-vapor extraction site

225

(2)

9.7.1 Design and operation comments

225

(2)

9.7.2 Performance

227

(3)

9.8 Treatment of VOC mixtures from exhaust air in the wood industry

230

(2)

9.8.1 Design and operation comments

231

(1)

9.8.2 Performance

232

(1)

9.9 Control of VOCs from ink-drying operations

232

(3)

9.9.1 Design and operation comments

233

(2)

9.9.2 Performance

235

(1)

9.10 Removal of high concentrations of ethanol from a foundry off-gas

235

(5)

9.10.1 Design and operation comments

236

(3)

9.10.2 Performance

239

(1)

9.11 Large open-bed biofilters for the removal of VOCs and odors

240

(3)

9.11.1 Design and operation comments

241

(1)

9.11.2 Performance

242

(1)

9.12 High-concentration, low-flow biofilter for VOC treatment

243

(2)

9.12.1 Design and operation comments

244

(1)

9.12.2 Performance

245

(1)

9.13 Soil biofilter for VOC removal in flexographic printing off-gases

245

(3)

9.13.1 Design and operation comments

245

(2)

9.13.2 Performance

247

(1)

9.14 Biofilter or biotrickling filter? Example of an intermittently watered biotrickling filter for odor control

248

(3)

9.14.1 Design and operation comments

248

(2)

9.14.2 Performance

250

(1)

Appendix A. Symbols

251

(4)

Terms

251

(2)

Greek symbols

253

(1)

Superscripts, subscripts

253

(1)

Abbreviations

253

(2)

Appendix B. Selected elimination capacity values

255

(4)

Appendix C. Conversion factors

259

(2)

Appendix D. Absolute humidity of air saturated with water

261

(2)

Appendix E. Approximate conversion of selected currencies

263

(2)

Glossary

265

(8)

References

273

(16)

Index

289

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Biofiltration for Air Pollution Control

Summary

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials

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