Biofluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Systems

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ISBN: 9780071447881 | 0071447881
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 12/6/2005

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Cardiovascular products represent the largest dollar portion of the healthcare industry. Development of these devices requires dramatic innovation.This book combines engineering principles with cardiopulmonary anatomy and physiology to show biomedical engineers how to design and implement arterial grafts, anastomosis devices, and Heart valves.Unlike other books on the subject, this one looks at the subject from an engineering perspective rather than aclinical one in order to appeal to the biomedical engineering audience

Preface

Acknowledgments

xiii

Chapter 1. Review of Basic Fluid Mechanics Concepts

(24)

1.1 A Brief History of Biomedical Fluid Mechanics

(3)

1.2 Fluid Characteristics and Viscosity

(5)

1.2.1 Displacement

(2)

1.2.2 Shear stress

(3)

1.3 Fundamental Method for Measuring Viscosity

(2)

1.4 Introduction to Pipe Flow

(7)

1.4.1 Reynolds number

(2)

1.4.2 Poiseuille's law

(2)

1.4.3 Flow rate

(2)

1.5 Bernoulli Equation

(1)

1.6 Conservation of Mass

(2)

1.6.1 Venturi meter example

(1)

1.7 Example Problem: Fluid Statics

(2)

1.7.1 Example problem: fluid statics

(1)

1.8 The Wormersley Number, ot, a Frequency Parameter for Pulsatile Flow

(3)

Chapter 2. Cardiovascular Structure and Function

(20)

2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.2 Clinical Features

(1)

2.3 Functional Anatomy

(1)

2.4 The Heart as a Pump

(1)

2.5 Cardiac Muscle

(4)

2.5.1 Biopotential in myocardium

(1)

2.5.2 Excitability

(2)

2.5.3 Automaticity

(1)

2.6 Heart Valves

(1)

2.6.1 Clinical features

(1)

2.7 Cardiac Cycle

(2)

2.8 Heart Sounds

(2)

2.8.1 Clinical features

(2)

2.9 Factors Influencing Flow and Pressure

(2)

2.10 Coronary Circulation

(1)

2.10.1 Control of the coronary circulation

(1)

2.10.2 Clinical features

(1)

2.11 Microcirculation

(4)

2.11.1 Capillary structure

(1)

2.11.2 Capillary wall structure

(3)

Chapter 3. Pulmonary Anatomy, Pulmonary Physiology, and Respiration

(26)

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Clinical Features

(1)

3.3 Alveolar Ventilation

(2)

3.3.1 Tidal volume

(1)

3.3.2 Residual volume

(1)

3.3.3 Expiratory reserve volume

(1)

3.3.4 Inspiratory reserve volume

(1)

3.3.5 Functional residual capacity

(1)

3.3.6 Inspiratory capacity

(1)

3.3.7 Total lung capacity

(1)

3.3.8 Vital capacity

(1)

3.4 Ventilation—Perfusion Relationships

(1)

3.5 Mechanics of Breathing

(1)

3.5.1 Muscles of inspiration

(1)

3.5.2 Muscles of expiration

(1)

3.5.3 Compliance of the lung and chest wall

(1)

3.6 Work of Breathing

(3)

3.7 Airway Resistance

(3)

3.8 Gas Exchange and Transport

(4)

3.8.1 Diffusion

(1)

3.8.2 Diffusing capacity

(1)

3.8.3 Resistance to diffusion

(1)

3.8.4 Oxygen dissociation curve

(1)

3.9 Pulmonary Pathophysiology

(2)

3.9.1 Bronchitis

(1)

3.9.2 Emphysema

(1)

3.9.3 Asthma

(1)

3.9.4 Pulmonary fibrosis

(1)

3.9.5 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

(1)

3.9.6 Heart disease

(1)

3.9.7 Comparison of pulmonary pathologies

(1)

3.10 Respiration in Extreme Environments

(8)

3.10.1 Barometric pressure

(2)

3.10.2 Partial pressure of oxygen

(1)

3.10.3 Hyperventilation

(1)

3.10.4 Alkalosis

(1)

3.10.5 Acute mountain sickness (AMS)

(1)

3.10.6 High-altitude pulmonary edema

(1)

3.10.7 High-altitude cerebral edema

(1)

3.10.8 Acclimatization

(1)

3.10.9 Drugs stimulating red blood cell production

(2)

Chapter 4. Hematology and Blood Rheology

(18)

4.1 Introduction

(1)

4.2 Elements of Blood

(1)

4.3 Blood Characteristics

(1)

4.4 Erythrocytes

(5)

4.4.1 Hemoglobin

(1)

4.4.2 Clinical Features

(1)

4.4.3 Erythrocyte indices

(1)

4.4.4 Abnormalities of the blood

(1)

4.5 Leukocytes

(4)

4.5.1 Neutrophils

(1)

4.5.2 Lymphocytes

(1)

4.5.3 Monocytes

(1)

4.5.4 Eosinophils

(1)

4.5.5 Basophils

(1)

4.5.6 Leukemia

(1)

4.5.7 Thrombocytes

(1)

4.6 Blood Types

(3)

4.6.1 Rh blood groups

(1)

4.6.2 M and N blood group system

(1)

4.7 Plasma

(2)

4.7.1 Plasma viscosity

(1)

4.7.2 Electrolyte composition of plasma

(1)

4.8 Blood pH

(1)

4.9 Clinical Features

(3)

Chapter 5. Anatomy and Physiology of Blood Vessels

(16)

5.1 Introduction

(1)

5.2 General Structure of Arteries

(2)

5.2.1 Tunica intima

(1)

5.2.2 Tunica media

(1)

5.2.3 Tunica externa

(1)

5.3 Types of Arteries

(1)

5.3.1 Elastic arteries

(1)

5.3.2 Muscular arteries

(1)

5.3.3 Arterioles

(1)

5.4 Mechanics of Arterial Walls

(2)

5.5 Compliance

(5)

5.6 Pressure-Strain Modulus

(1)

5.7 Vascular Pathologies

100

(2)

5.7.1 Atherosclerosis

100

(1)

5.7.2 Stenosis

100

(1)

5.7.3 Aneurysm

100

(1)

5.7.4 Thrombosis

101

(1)

5.7.5 Clinical aspects

101

(1)

5.8 Stents

102

(1)

5.9 Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

102

(3)

5.9.1 Arterial grafts

103

(2)

Chapter 6. Mechanics of Heart Valves

105

(12)

6.1 Introduction

105

(1)

6.2 Aortic and Pulmonic Valves

106

(3)

6.3 Mitral and Tricuspid Valves

109

(2)

6.4 Clinical Features

111

(1)

6.5 Prosthetic Mechanical Valves

111

(3)

6.5.1 Case study–the Björk-Shiley convexo-concave heart valve

112

(2)

6.6 Prosthetic Tissue Valves

114

(3)

Chapter 7. Pulsatile Flow in Large Arteries

117

(20)

7.1 Fluid Kinematics

117

(1)

7.2 Continuity

118

(1)

7.3 Complex Numbers

119

(2)

7.4 Fourier Series Representation

121

(2)

7.5 Navier-Stokes Equations

123

(3)

7.6 Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Tubes: Wormersley Solution

126

(5)

7.7 Pulsatile Flow in Rigid Tubes: Fry Solution

131

(4)

7.8 Instability in Pulsatile Flow

135

(2)

Chapter 8. Flow and Pressure Measurement

137

(26)

8.1 Introduction

137

(1)

8.2 Indirect Pressure Measurements

137

(1)

8.3 Direct Pressure Measurement

138

(17)

8.3.1 Intravascular: strain gauge–tipped pressure transducer

138

(6)

8.3.2 Extravascular: catheter-transducer measuring system

144

(1)

8.3.3 Electrical analog of the catheter measuring system

145

(2)

8.3.4 Characteristics for an extravascular pressure measuring system

147

(2)

8.3.5 Case 1—the undamped catheter measurement system

149

(1)

8.3.6 Case 2—the undriven, damped catheter measurement system

150

(4)

8.3.7 Pop test—measurement of transient step response

154

(1)

8.4 Flow Measurement

155

(5)

8.4.1 Indicator dilution method

155

(1)

8.4.2 Fick technique for measuring cardiac output

156

(1)

8.4.3 Fick technique example

156

(1)

8.4.4 Rapid injection indicator-dilution method—dye dilution technique

156

(1)

8.4.5 Thermodilution

157

(1)

8.4.6 Electromagnetic flowmeters

158

(1)

8.4.7 Continuous wave ultrasonic flowmeters

159

(1)

8.4.8 Continuous wave Doppler ultrasound example

160

(1)

8.5 Summary and Clinical Applications

160

(3)

Chapter 9. Modeling

163

(14)

9.1 Introduction

163

(1)

9.2 Theory of Models

164

(4)

9.2.1 Dimensional analysis and the Buckingham Pi theorem

164

(2)

9.2.2 Synthesizing Pi terms

166

(2)

9.3 Geometric Similarity

168

(1)

9.4 Dynamic Similarity

169

(1)

9.5 Kinematic Similarity

169

(1)

9.6 Common Dimensionless Parameters in Fluid Mechanics

170

(1)

9.7 Modeling Example 1—Does the Flea Model the Man?

170

(3)

9.8 Modeling Example 2

173

(1)

9.9 Modeling Example 3

173

(4)

Chapter 10. Lumped Parameter Mathematical Models

177

(16)

10.1 Introduction

177

(1)

10.2 Electrical Analog Model of Flow in a Tube

178

(4)

10.2.1 Nodes and the equations at each node

179

(1)

10.2.2 Terminal load

180

(2)

10.2.3 Summary of the lumped parameter electrical analog model

182

(1)

10.3 Modeling of Flow through the Mitral Valve

182

(8)

10.3.1 Model description

184

(2)

10.3.2 Active ventricular relaxation

186

(1)

10.3.3 Meaning of convective resistance

186

(1)

10.3.4 Variable area mitral valve model description

187

(1)

10.3.5 Variable area mitral valve model parameters

188

(1)

10.3.6 Solving the system of differential equations

188

(1)

10.3.7 Model trials

188

(1)

10.3.8 Results

189

(1)

10.4 Summary

190

(3)

Index

193

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Biofluid Mechanics in Cardiovascular Systems

Summary

Author Biography

Table of Contents

Supplemental Materials