Biofuels

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ISBN: 9780470026748 | 047002674X
Cover: Hardcover
Copyright: 3/9/2009

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This book gives a broad overview of the key topics in this field of study, approaching them from a technical and economic angle giving the reader a comprehensive insight into biofuels as a whole. Dealing specifically with liquid and gaseous biofuels that can be produced from renewable resources this text also gives a summary of the past, present and future production technologies and applications of biofuels. This book is particularly relevant as it highlights the extensive debate of the on-going global needs to find alternative fuels, making it not only a necessary text for working professionals and researchers in the field, but for anyone with an interest in sustaining the earth.

Series Preface	p. ix
Preface	p. xi
List of Contributors	p. xiii
Biofuels in Perspective	p. 1
Fossil versus Renewable Energy Resources	p. 1
Economic Impact	p. 2
Comparison of Bio-energy Sources	p. 4
Conclusion	p. 7
References	p. 7
Sustainable Production of Cellulosic Feedstock for Biorefineries in the USA	p. 9
Introduction	p. 9
Availability of Cellulosic Feedstocks	p. 11
Feedstock Options	p. 13
Sustainable Removal	p. 16
Erosion Control	p. 18
Tilling Practice	p. 19
Transitioning to No-till	p. 21
Realizing Removal	p. 22
Removal Economics	p. 25
Climate Change Mitigation	p. 27
Pretreatment	p. 29
Farmer in Value Chain	p. 32
The Start: Preprocessing Pentose Sugars and Lignin	p. 32
Continuing Downstream: Fungible Fermentation Sugars	p. 32
Looking Upstream	p. 33
Logistics	p. 33
Conclusions	p. 33
Policy Recommendations	p. 34
References	p. 35
Bio-Ethanol Development in the USA	p. 39
Introduction	p. 39
Federal Policy	p. 40
The US Ethanol Market	p. 41
Corn Ethanol Technology	p. 46
Cellulosic Ethanol	p. 49
The Future	p. 52
References	p. 53
Bio-Ethanol Development(s) in Brazil	p. 55
Overview	p. 55
Introduction	p. 56
The Brazilian Experience with Ethanol	p. 56
Policy and Regulatory Instruments Applied to Deploy Large-Scale Ethanol Production	p. 59
Cost Reductions	p. 61
Technological Development	p. 62
Is the Ethanol Production in Brazil Sustainable?	p. 65
Is the Brazilian Experience Replicable?	p. 72
Conclusions	p. 73
References	p. 74
Process Technologies for Biodiesel Production	p. 77
Introduction	p. 77
Biodiesel Production Worldwide	p. 77
Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production	p. 79
Chemical Principles of Biodiesel Production	p. 80
Catalysts for Transesterification and Esterification Reactions	p. 81
Transesterification in Supercritical Alcohols	p. 86
Alternative Approaches	p. 87
Overview of Process Technologies	p. 87
References	p. 91
Bio-based Fischer-Tropsch Diesel Production Technologies	p. 95
Introduction	p. 95
Theoretical Background Catalytic FT-Diesel Synthesis Process	p. 96
Biomass Gasification-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts	p. 100
Economics of Biomass-Based FT-Diesel Production Concepts	p. 110
Conclusions	p. 113
References	p. 114
Plant Oil Biofuel: Rationale, Production and Application	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Plant Oil Biofuels: the Underlying Idea	p. 118
Perspectives of the Plant Oil Fuel Market	p. 119
System Requirements	p. 122
Plant Oil Conversion Technology	p. 124
The User Perspective	p. 125
References	p. 127
Enzymatic Production of Biodiesel	p. 129
Introduction	p. 129
Enzymatic Transesterification by Lipase	p. 130
Use of Extracellular Lipases	p. 131
Use of Intracellular Lipase as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst	p. 136
Use of Cell-Surface Displaying Cells as Whole-Cell Biocatalyst	p. 143
Conclusions and Future Prospects	p. 147
References	p. 147
Production of Biodiesel from Waste Lipids	p. 153
Introduction	p. 153
Alternative Resources for Biodiesel Production	p. 155
Conversion of Waste Frying and Cooking Oils into Biodiesel	p. 155
Conclusion	p. 168
References	p. 169
Biomass Digestion to Methane in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production and Waste Treatment Worldwide	p. 171
Overview	p. 171
Introduction	p. 172
Biogas Production Potential	p. 174
Biogas Production Configurations	p. 183
Outlook	p. 191
Conclusions	p. 193
References	p. 194
Biological Hydrogen Production by Anaerobic Microorganisms	p. 197
Abbreviations	p. 197
Introduction	p. 198
Hydrogen Formation in Natural Ecosystems	p. 198
Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Formation	p. 199
Enzymology	p. 204
Enterobacteria	p. 206
The Genus Clostridium	p. 207
The Genus Caldicellulosiruptor	p. 208
The Genus Thermoanaerobacter	p. 210
The Genus Thermotoga	p. 211
The Genus Pyrococcus/Thermococcus	p. 212
Approaches for Improving Hydrogen Production	p. 213
Concluding Remarks	p. 214
References	p. 215
Improving Sustainability of the Corn-Ethanol Industry	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Energy Balance	p. 224
Crop Production and Greenhouse Gas Emissions	p. 226
CO₂ Adjustment in a Changing Ethanol Industry	p. 228
Conclusions	p. 232
References	p. 233
Index	p. 235
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Biofuels

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